Sandow on physical training : a study in the perfect type of the human form

SANDOW

ON

PHYSICAL TRAINING;

A Study in the Perfect Type of the Human Form the Marvel oj
Anatomists, Sculptors, and Artists in the Nude ; embracing
the great Athlete's simple method of PJf^ifalJ^J-.yationfor
the Home, the Gymnasium, and thf*&, ,, __ < raining \ooi ;-
preceded by a biography dealing with the chief incidents in
Mr. Sandow's Professional Career, his Phenomenal Prowess
and Gladiatorial Skill, in Competitive Matches, Contests and
Exhibitions; with Mr. Sundew's Scheme of Dumb-bell and
Bar-bell Exercises, and his Views on the Physiology of
Gymnastics, the Function of the Muscles, etc., etc.

COMPILED AND EDITED, UNDER MR. SANDOW'S DIRECTION,

BY

G. MERCER ADAM,

EX-CAPT. QUEEN'S OWN RIFLES, C.M.

Richly Illustrated from Photographs expressly taken for the work by Sarony of New York
Morrison of Chicago, and White of Birmingham, and from Drawing by A . Casarin. '

LIBRARY,
JUN 10

]. SELWIN TAIT & SONS
1894

A, P, WATTS & CO,,

BOOKSELLERS

& PUBLISHERS AGENTS.

5 KING ST. WEST,
TORONTO-

COPYRIGHT, 1894,

BY
J. SELWTN" TAIT & SONS.

All rights of translation reserved.

TO

LIEUT. -COLONEL G. M. FOX,

HER MAJESTY'S INSPECTOR OF GYMNASIA

FOR THE BRITISH ARMY, ALDERSHOT,

this!

IN GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE OF MANY ACTS OF FRIENDLY

COURTESY, AND AS A TRIBUTE OF ADMIRATION FOR A

GALLANT SOLDIER AND A ZEALOUS ADVOCATE

OF PHYSICAL TRAINING ALIKE FOR THE

MILITARY MAN AND THE CIVILIAN.

EUGENE SANDOW.

NEW YOKK, January, 1894. .

SANDOW AT THE AGE OF TEN.

PREFACE.

THE following pages have been prepared under Mr. San-
dow's direction and personal supervision. In the practical
section appended to the narrative account of the great athlete's
early amateur and later professional life, Mr. Sandow has
furnished detailed instructions for the performance of his
dumb-bell and bar-bell exercises and supplied the reader with
a text-book which, he would fain hope, will be useful to the
would-be athlete and to all who desire to attain perfect health,
increased strength, and the full development of their physical
frame.

Since the volume was put in type, further testimony, of a
gratifying kind, to the value of Mr. Sandow's system of physi-
cal training has come to hand, in Captain Greatorex's court-
eous letter, to be found in the Appendix. It is regretted that

the communication was not received in time to insert in the

vii

chapter to which it belongs that on "Physical Culture in
Relation to the Army." The letter forms a pleasant pendant,
much prized by Mr. Sandow, to the one which appears in the
chapter referred to, from Colonel Fox, H. M. Inspector of
Military Gymnasia for the British army.

The illustrations to the practical as well as to the narrative
portions of the book will, it is believed, add no little to its
value. To the courtesy of Messrs. Sarony of New York, Mor-
rison of Chicago, and H. Eoland White of Birmingham, Eng-
land, the publishers are indebted for permission to reproduce
the photographs.

The Editor takes advantage of this prefatory note to ac-
knowledge his obligations to Mr. Sandow and his pupil, Mr.
Martinus Sieveking ; to Mr. W. T. Lawson, member of the
New York Athletic Club ; to Dr. D. A. Sargent of the Hemen :
way Gymnasium, Harvard University ; to Dr. Everett M.
Culver of New York ; to Dr. W. Theophilus Stuart of Toronto,
Canada, and to the Publishers, for courtesies received during
the preparation of the work.

NEW YORK, February 1, 1894.

vi 11

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTORY.
CHAPTER I.

A PLEA FOB PHYSICAL, EDUCATION.

PAGE

Consummate beauty of physical form Knowledge possessed by the ancients
in relation to physical training The jar and fret of modern business life
Health rather than strength the great requisite of the times Sports and
pastimes of the people Appurtenances of our gymnasia too costly and
elaborate All exercises should be performed on the ground Attention
to chest development The prolific causes of disease and physical degen-
eracy 1

CHAPTER II.

SANDOW, A TITAN IN MUSCLE AND THEWS.

Sandow a study for the physiologist and anatomist For four years the lion of
London Crowned heads pay him honour Notable scientists give testi-
mony as to his muscular power and physical endowments His system of
physical training adopted for the British army Examined by Dr. Sargent,
of Harvard Mighty deeds of ancient story Emulating effects of these
heroic acts Sandow comes to know his own power 12

CHAPTER III.

SANDOW' s BOYHOOD AND EARLY LIFE.

At birth nothing of a prodigy Inherits simply a healthy and normally well-
developed frame His student days Attached to the gymnasium and the

x CONTENTS.

PAGb

circus Becomes notable as a wrestler Visits Rome with his father and
admires classical sculpture Decline of the physical ideal Quarrels with
his father and runs away from home Enters University of Gottingen
Studies anatomy at Brussels Meets Atilla First public exhibitions 21

CHAPTER IV.

SANDOW AS A STRONGMAN IN HOLLAND.

Sandow dependent upon liis own resources Arrives at Amsterdam and seeks
employment as a strongman Daring scheme to advertise himself Hard
up, and takes a cabman into confidence Wrecks the machines for testing
strength throughout the city A thousand guilders reward Arrested:
amusing scenes at the police station Released, and makes the fortune of
a hotel-keeper Receives his first engagement at a theatre First visit to
London Accident to Atilla, and is thrown out of employment Goes to
Paris Fruitless efforts to get an engagement Startles a professor at the
Academy of Arts with an exhibition of his strength Earns 200 francs as a
model Meets Francois and joins him in pantomime 28

CHAPTER V.

SANDOW AS A WRESTLER IN ITALY.

Visits Rome and gives exhibitions in the Colosseum as a wrestier Performs
mighty feats of strength Wrestles with Bartoletti and wins 1,000 francs
Achieves fame and has King Humbert and his court as admirers Gift
from the king Visits Emperor Frederick by command at San Remo
Astonishes the Kaiser by an exhibition of his powers Receives a ring
from Frederick Pathetic words of the dying Emperor at the leave-taking.
Wrestling matches at Florence, Milan, and Naples Contest with three
trained athletes and puts all successively on their backs Wins 5,000 francs
Buys a home at Venice Hurts his arm in a wrestling contest Retorts
with a loving embrace Attracts the attention of an English painter
Makes him the subject of a study Tells him of Samson's challenge-
Starts post-haste for the British metropolis 35

CHAPTER VI.
SANDOW WINS HIS FIRST LAURELS IN LONDON.

Sandow takes London by storm Pen portrait of the young athlete Lifts
Samson's gage of battle and beats his pupil Cyclops Wins the 100 wager

CONTENTS. n

PAGB

Great feats of strength at the Royal Aquarium The London Sportsman
on the contest Accepts Samson's 500 challenge London disillusionized. 43

CHAPTER VII.

DEFEATS SAMSON AT THE WESTMINSTER AQUARIUM.

Strong men in rivalry Uproarious night at the Aquarium Sandow flies the
blue-peter of success Exciting scenes at the contest Samson theatrical
and querulous Great talkee-talkee The Daily News on the affair San-
dow declared winner of the 500 Relative merits of the two athletes'
feats of strength Fillip given by the contest to athletics Engagement at
The Alhambra Royalty honours Sandow 54

CHAPTER VIII.

SANDOW IN SCOTLAND AND AT THE CENTRES OF INDUSTRIAL ENGLAND.

The Press and " the War of the Titans "Sandow at The Alhambra Tour of
the Provinces Sandow in Scotland Repertoire of feats Exhibition of
mountains of muscle 65

CHAPTER IX.

WITH GOLIATH AT THE ROYAL MUSIC HALL, HOLBORN.

The two giants, Sandow and the Aix-la-Chapelle quarryman Crowded audi-
ences Varied programme of entertainment Lifting 500 Ibs. with one
finger At the London Pavilion with Loris Phenomenal feats of strength 71

CHAPTER X.

ANOTHER STRONGMAN CONTEST.

The Morning Post on the match with " Hercules " McCann Inexplicable
issues of the contest The Press on the miscarriage of justice Wins
50 wager for lifting a 250-lb. weight from the shoulder 77

CHAPTER XI.

SANDOW BREAKS ALL RECORDS.

Wins the gold championship belt of the London Athletic Institute Great
right and left hand work Breaking Hercules's record Making three great
records At Birmingham and Liverpool 83

xii CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XII.

. PHYSICAL CULT.URE IN ITS RELATION TO THE ARMY.

PAGB

Military circles interested in Sandow Training depots take up his system of
light dumb-bell exercise Surgeon-Major Deane's Lecture at Woolwich
Sandow ' an object lesson in Gymnastic Anatomy ' Report of the
London Lancet Colonel Fox, H. M. Inspector of Military Gymnasia, en-
dorses Sandow' s methods of Physical Training 89

CHAPTER XIII.

SANDOW " AT HOME " AND ABROAD.

A case of " bringing down the house " Sandow chez lui Risks of housing a
strongman lodger A holiday in Paris An unpleasant rencontre A pug-
nacious Frenchman Severe chastisement of the aggressor Sequel in
London Presented with a valuable chronometer Tracking a brace of
thieves at Nice Sandow his own law-enforcer 98

CHAPTER XIV.

SANDOW IX THE NEW WORLD.

Accepts American engagements Opens at the Casino, New York The New
York World on Sandow Sandow' s great hitting power His increasing
strength Interviewed by the New York Herald Holding up three horses 106

CHAPTER XV.
SANDOW AS A PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY.

Sandow as a physiological study Examined by Dr. Sargent, of Harvard
The "strongest man measured" Wonderful abdominal muscles In-
genious electrical tests Speed in delivering a blow 119

CHAPTER XVI.

SANDOW SPEAKS FOR HIMSELF.
HIS VIEWS ON PHYSICAL TRAINING, DIETING, BATHING, EXERCISING, ETC.

Physical perfection of the great athlete The culmination of a system which
will enable the weakest to become strong Predisposing causes of San-

CONTENTS. xlii

PAGE

dow's physical strength A reporter's interview How Sandow became
muscular His effective system Further chat with the strongman
Results of his training His faith pinned to the use of light-weight dumb-
bells 129

CHAPTER XVII.

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF GYMNASTICS.

Mr. Sandow' s introduction to his practical exercises His views on the the-
oretic and practical bearing of physical training Influence of bodily exer-
cise on the human organism A symmetrical and all-round development
Exercise in fresh air Dumb-bell and bar-bell exercises recommended
Ineffective and vicious systems of training Correct habits of breathing. 140

CHAPTER XYIII.

HYGIENIC AND MEDICAL GYMNASTICS.

The rationale of gymnastics Effect of exercise in beautifying women Preju-
dice, indifference, and delusion The bugbear of training Hygenic ef-
fects of exercise Muscular exercise as an aid to digestion Dieting and
food The coarser meats the best for sustenance How Sandow passes
the day Influence of exercise on the mind Perils of over-exercise 152

CHAPTER XIX.

EXEBCISE AND THE BODILY FUNCTIONS.

Neglect of Exercise as an agent and promoter of health The ambition com-
mendable to be healthy and strong The inter-relation of body and brain
Mr. Sandow remarkable as a human motor The secret of heavy-weight
lifting The problem of obesity solved The skin and its functions 170

CHAPTER XX.

THE CHIEF MUSCLES, WHERE THEY ABE SITUATED, AND WHAT THEY DO.

The muscles actively concerned in the movements of the body The voluntary
and involuntary muscles Those that are chiefly affected by muscular exer-
cise The muscles of the upper chest, back, shoulders and arms The
chief muscles of the lower extremity the hip, thigh, and leg 178

xlv CONTENTS.

1

PRACTICAL EXERCISES.

PAGE

Prefatory: Instructions to young would-be athletes Hints to pupils
and instructors Preliminary free movements for rendering the

muscles and joints supple 199

Light-weight dumb-bell exercises 208

Heavy-weight dumb-bell exercises 218

Bar-bell exercises 227

Finger lift, stone lift, and harness-and-chain lift 232

SANDOW'S PHYSICAL TRAINING LEG-MACHINE.

Description of, and suggested methods of using it 235

>endix A. Table of Food substances and their nutritive value 239

B. Anthropometric chart of Mr. Sandow's measurements 241

C. Table showing results of muscular development of a pupil
of Mr. Sandow's, after three months' practice of his

S3'stematized exercises (see photo, of pupil) *. . . 242

D. Letter from Assistant-Inspector of Military Gymnasia for

the British army 243

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

ENGRAVINGS ILLUSTRATING THE POSINGS, ETC.

PAGE

Portrait of Mr. Sandow, in Street Attire, with Autograph Sig Frontispiece.

Sandow at 10 years of age ^ vi

Sandow in a series of 4 Club Studies 28

Forearm Studies: Sandow's Flexed Arm, showing Deltoid and Serratus

Magnus Muscles (two illustrations) 29

Forearm Studies : Sandow's Flexed Arm, showing Biceps and Triceps

Muscles (two illustrations) 89

Sandow seated, showing abdominal muscles P8

Sandow (full figure, lateral position), Arm Flexed 112

Sandow in a series of 4 Classical Poses 113

ENGRAVINGS ILLUSTRATING THE MUSCLES.

Athlete in the Pose of elevating the Ring-and-Ball 152

Skeleton of Athlete (full figure) 170

Muscles of Athlete (anterior aspect) 153

Muscles of Athlete (posterior aspect) .*! 171

Muscles of the Flexed Arm (anterior, posterior, and lateral aspects) 185

Muscles of the Trunk, Shoulder, Extended Arms and Flexed Leg 186

Muscles of the Extended Leg (anterior, posterior, and lateral aspects) 196

Portrait of a pupil of Mr. Sandow (Mr. Martiuus Sieveking) 243

Dr. Sargent's Anthropometric Chart of Sandow 241

ENGRAVINGS ILLUSTRATING THE EXERCISES.

Lightweight Dumb-bells.

Nos. 1-4. For developing the arm flexor and extensor muscles 210

5 a. Chest-opening exercise (first position) 212

xvi ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Nos. 5 b. Chest-opening exercise (second position) \

6. For developing the trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles f

7. For increasing the mobility of the shoulder-joints f

8 and 9. For making flexible the muscles of the wrist and forearm }

11 a and b, 12. Lunging exercises, for developing the shoulder and

arm muscles and those of the chest and sides 214

13 a and b. Chest-expanding exercise 216

14 a and b. Chest expanding exercise, with machine resistance 217

15 a, b, and c. For strengthening the muscles of the abdomen and pre-

venting obesity 218

Heavy-weight Dumb-beUs.

Nos. 18, 19. How to lift by one hand from the ground to the shoulder 280

20, 21, 22, 23, 24. Illustrating one-handed slow- press from the shoul-
der 22'2

25, 27. One-hand swing-lift from the ground overhead 224

28. Slow-lift from the ground to the shoulder , \

29. Snatch ring-and-ball lift from the ground overhead [ 234

30. 31. Two-handed lift from the ground to the shoulder )

33, 34. Holding-out exercise at arm's length with both hands 226

Bar-bell Exercises.

Nos. 35, 36. Illustrating one-handed lift from the ground to the shoulder / _,

37. One-handed snatch-lift from the ground overhead )

38 a, b. Bar-bell exercise for one hand 221>

38 c and d. Bar-bell exercise for two hands 230

39 and 39 a. Slow bar-bell lift for developing the muscles of the fore-

arm and wrist 231

40 a. One-handed bar-bell lift, upright position J

Two-handed bar-bell lift to the shoulder, upright position . . . )

Misattanemis Exercises.

Nos. 43. Illustrating stone-lift from the ground for one and two hands .... 233

44. Harness-and-chain lift from (he ground 234

45 a, b, c. Illustrating leg-machine exercises 237

45 d and c. " " . 236

I.

A PLEA FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION.

[ N spite of the increasing value of individual life
the distinctive mark of the civilization of
our time little has as yet been done, on large
lines at least, to secure for the masses of the peo-
ple who do the work of the world that degree
and maintenance of physical well-being implied
in the phrase, " a sound mind in a sound body."
For those even whom we are pleased to call " the
flower of our population," we have systemati-
^cally and intelligently done next to nothing in-,
the way of physical culture. Only in recent;
years has physiology been put on the curricu-
lum of our public schools and the young have been enabled to
get some inkling into the frame-work of their bodies and the
physical conditions on which organic life is held. Whether

1

this knowledge, in the main, goes beyond an appreciation of
the necessity for air, light, food, clothing, and cleanliness, as
conditions essential to health, may be greatly doubted. What
is remembered of the theoretic laws of health when school-
days are over, is, if we except the case of the comparatively
small contingent that goes on to the study of medicine as a
profession, of little value in the practical government of our
bodies. Even what we have picked up about sanitation is
generally lost before we have well entered upon manhood, or
is effectively and grimly set at naught in our homes by the
plumber. Where physiology has been properly taught, we
may not all be as heathen in our knowledge of the requisites
of health. In a few fortunate instances, the youth may know
something of the processes of waste and renovation in the
body ; but how those processes work to the best advantage
and show their most beneficent results under the systematic
exercise of the muscular system, is, admittedly, given to but
few of us fully to appreciate or wisely to understand. Even
the ancient Greeks, noted as they were for their fine physical
development, grace and symmetry of form, groped largely in
the dark regarding many things which modern physiological
science has now made plain. This is well understood ; but,
with the higher knowledge that modern science has brought
us, how indifferent has been our approach to

THE CONSUMMATE BEAUTY OF PHYSICAL FORM

for which the Greek especially the Athenian athlete was
famed. Greek and Roman alike knew, in a high degree, the
value of bodily exercise, and in their competitive games, as
well as in their training for war, adopted a system of physical
education which produced wonderful results. They knew
nothing, however, of biology and the marvel of the body's cell-
structure, the key which, it may be said, has opened to a modern

2

age the doors of its microscopic vision and revealed almost
the secret of life itself, with its ever-recurrent motions of
waste and renewal. They did not know, as Mr. Archibald
Maclaren, the great English authority on Physical Education,
has observed, ' ' that man's material frame is composed of
innumerable atoms, and that each separate and individual
atom has its birth, life, and death ; and that the strength of
the body as a whole, and of each part individually, is in re-
lation to the youth or newness of its atoms. Nor did they
know that this strength is consequently attained by, and
is retained in relation to, the frequency with which these
atoms are changed, by shortening their life, by hastening
their removal and their replacement by others ; and that
whenever this is done by natural activity, or by suitable
employment, there is ever an advance in size and power,
until the ultimate attainable point of development is
reached. They simply observed that the increased bulk,
strength, and energy of the organ or limb is in relation to
the amount of its employment, and they gave it employment
accordingly."

This, in the main, was the sum of knowledge possessed by
the ancients in relation to physical training ; yet unscientific
as we now understand the term as it was, its results were
wonderful in promoting strength and activity. Of course, in
giving themselves so ardently to physical education, the
Greeks and Romans must have observed much else, as the
results of muscular exercise, that was beneficial to the youth
in training. Though they had little knowledge of the why
and wherefor in physiological law, they saw its gratifying
effects and so betook themselves, with increasing national
enthusiasm, to the exercises of the gymnasium and the cam-
pus. The physiological action on the lungs and the blood pro-
duced by quickened respiration, incident to regular periods
of muscular exercise, they might not know ; but they saw

clearly its health-giving results, on the mind as well as on the
body, though no doubt, with them as with us, it was thetfew
only who were qualifying themselves for the service of war
who had the benefit of this experience in training. Interest
in the physical well-being of any beyond those who were
designed to bear arms, there was none in either Athens or
Rome. Outside of that favoured class there was no public
provision for physical education ; though there were always
patriotic and high-spirited youth whom the thirst for dis-
tinction drew into the competitive arena to take part in
wrestling contests, swimming matches, chariot racing, and
other national sports and games. With us, of recent years at
least, physical training has gone beyond the parade-ground
or barrack-room of the soldier. It has happily found its way
into our schools and colleges, and, in a few of them, at any
rate, it takes a place on the curriculum hardly inferior to
that assigned to intellectual studies. Of late years, also,
provision has specially been made for it by athletic clubs and
other organizations for recreation, of a private or corporate
character, with results that have gone far to neutralize the
physical deterioration that in our over-competitive age is
incident to

THE JAR AND FRET OF BUSINESS LIFE.

Theoretically, at least, we all pay tribute to the value and
importance of physical education. We admire physical
strength and beauty, and recognize, though only faintly
as yet, the inter-relation of mind and matter. We know,
moreover, that a healthy, active brain is sadly handicapped
by an ill-developed, sickly body. We see around us every
day of our lives masses of our race of imperfect growth and
unsound constitution, and almost daily the lesson comes home
to us of the break-down of some friend or acquaintance, whose

4

weakness of body could not withstand the mental and bodily
strain in the struggle of life. Yet it is not strength, so
much as health, that is the crying want of the time. It is
stamina, and the power, in each of us, to do our daily work
with the least friction and the greatest amount of comfort
and ease. Only the few are called upon, like the great
traveller or the soldier in a campaign, to endure protracted
fatigue and encounter serious obstacles in nature or severities
of climate, from which most of us shrink, and for the under-
taking of which few of us have either the will-power or the
courage. "A small portion only of our youth are in uni-
form," observes the authority we have already quoted ; " but
other occupations, other demands upon mind and body, advance
claims as urgent as ever were pressed upon the soldier in
ancient or modern times. From the nursery to the school,
from the school to the college, or to the world beyond, the
brain and nerve strain goes on continuous, augmenting,
intensifying. Scholarships, competitive examinations, specu-
lations, promotions, excitements, stimulations, long hours of
work, late hours of rest, jaded frames, weary brains, jarring
nerves all intensified and intensifying seek in modern times
for the antidote to be found alone in physical action. These
are the exigencies of the campaign of life for the great bulk
of our youth, to be encountered in the schoolroom, in the
study, in the court of law, in the hospital, and in the day and

light visitations to court and alley and lane ; and the hard-
ships encountered in these fields of warfare hit as hard and
as suddenly, sap as insidiously, destroy as mercilessly, as the

light-march, the scanty ration, the toil, the struggle, or the
weapon of a warlike enemy.

" Yes, it is health rather than strength that is the great
requirement of modern men at modern occupations ; it is not
the power to travel great distances, carry great burdens, lift
great weights, or overcome g]*eat material obstructions ; it

5

is simply that condition of body, and that amount of vital
capacity, which shall enable each man in his place to pursue
his calling, and work on in his working life, with the greatest
amount of comfort to himself and usefulness to his fellow-
men. How many men, earnest, eager, uncomplaining, are
pursuing their avocations with the imminency of a certain
breakdown ever before them or with pain and weariness,
languor and depression, when fair health and full power
might have been secured, and the labour that is of love, now
performed incompletely and in pain, might have been per-
formed with completeness and in comfort."

Nor is the remedy hard to apply or likely to be at all
doubtful in its results. It is Nature's own panacea the
remedy, as we have seen, which the nations of antiquity,
intelligent and highly civilized as they were, found effective
in war as well as conducive to the health and vigour of youth.
But physical strength was not only "the veritable God of
antiquity ; " it was also the pride and idol of the Middle Ages.
At the latter era, the tilting-field and tourney-ground took
the place of the Campus Martius and the gymnasium. There
the chivalry of the time disported itself in jousts and feats
of horsemanship, while the village-green gave encouragement
to wrestling matches and the varied sports which are noted
among England's manly national games. We in the New
World are ^inheritors of many of these playful incitements to
bodily vigour, to which we have added others, characteristic
of our climate and people, but all helpful in their way in the
up-building of a lusty frame. Valuable, however, as are these

SPORTS AND PASTIMES OF THE PEOPLE,

they are only recreative exercises and, for the most part, fitfully
indulged in. Moreover, they are confined, as a rule, to the
school-age, and are too often dropped when the youth passes

6

into the first stage of manhood. It is well known, also, that
they develop only the lower limbs, or the lower limbs and the
right arm, leaving without its meed of exercise the left arm and
upper portions of the trunk. This incomplete and imperfect
unfolding of the human body it should be the design of intel-
ligent methods of physical training to correct and to supply
with the needed exercises, so as to bring about a uniform and
harmonious development. Lacking this, there is seen faulty
growth and weak or distorted conformation in an other-
wise healthy and well-constructed frame.

In the following pages, the narrative of the career of an en-
thusiast in athletic pursuits, it is the design of Mr. Sandow, as
well as the modest purpose of the writer, to show how effective
can be even simple methods of muscular training, when scientif-
ically imparted, in raising the human body to a high plane of
physical perfection, and in making it better fitted for the all-
round, every-day work of both the manual and the intellectual
toiler. In physical education, as in every other laudable am-
bition, there are few royal roads to the signal and satisfactory
attainment of one's ends. Here the sciolist, or the ill-equipped
instructor, can of course make a show of juggling, and hump
the muscles in indiscriminate ridges, without much reference
to their practical uses, and with little benefit to the health,
vigour or permanent well-being of the deluded pupil whom he
affects to train. This, of course, is folly. In all our aims
after physical education the great thing to bear in mind is to
avoid ambitious and elaborate efforts at bodily training. The
ancient Greeks and Romans would have laughed at our
extensive array of apparatus, the appurtenances of our
modern gymnasia on which we foolishly lavish large sums
of money, often only to be looked at, or used for harm rather
than for good. Another point is this : see that your training
be not only simple but effective. In its scope let it be thorough.
Physical education, as we have already hinted, is too often

7

and incompletely directed to the accomplishment of one or two
feats notably those wrought by the exterior muscles by the
use of the apparatus ordinarily in vogue in our gymnasia
without reference to the vast net-work of interior muscles,
which have so much to do with bearing the strain of arduous
gymnastic exercise, and have their important, set functions
in the vital seat of the system. As these interior muscles are
brought into harmonious play with the connected exterior
folds of tissue, the athlete may pursue his exercises safely ;
if they are not so brought into play, as too often happens,
then a break-down may be expected, and dire, often, is the
result. To obviate this, Mr. Sandow's stringent caution
cannot be too strongly impressed, on the young gymnast
particularly, viz., that

ALL EXERCISES SHOULD BE PERFORMED ON THE GROUND,

where nature intended the human animal to find his habitat,
and there to stand erect. He also wisely enjoins the use of
dumb-bells of only 5 Ibs. in weight, for the earnest and system-
atic manipulation of these, he affirms, is sufficient for the
due development of all the muscles and groups of muscles ap-
pertaining, at least, to the upper part of the body ; while by
confining the would-be athlete to these medium-sized bells no
risk of injury is run, and the average man can be kept in the
perfection of health. This result will be the more assured, if
the pupil-in-training will make himself intelligently ac-
quainted with the anatomical arrangement and disposition of
his muscles, and acquire some practical knowledge of physio-
logical science. For the development of the lower limbs, Mr.
Sandow has constructed and patented a simple apparatus
which, he claims, is, with the light-weight dumb-bell, all that
the athletic devotee needs for the vigorous up-building of his
body. The mechanical contrivance referred to will be found

admirable for exercising the adductor muscles of the leg. Its
usefulness need hardly be pointed out, to those, at any rate,
who have seen Mr. Sandow in what is familiarly called the
Roman Column feat, and have observed what muscular
strength he possesses in his lower limbs (though in the per-
formance of this feat other muscles than those of the lower
limbs are called more into play), which are kept in training
partly by the use of this ingenious invention.

Of course, the mass of humanity, even of those who do the
leaviest part of the world's work, are not likely, whatever time
they can give to physical culture, to become Titans in strength.
Nature is wont to be churlish when she is expected to make
prodigies of us all in either physical or intellectual vigour.
Yet nature is no niggard in placing at the disposal of the race,
at least, the raw material out of which it may fashion both
vigorous minds and healthy bodies. The trouble is that our
modern methods of education, for the most part, do not lead to
mutual and concerted action in the training of these dual
parts of our being. The mistake is the more serious when we
realize how great is the influence on the mind of a physically
well-developed body. Equally important is the realization of
the truth, that a strongman, well- trained, can put his strength
to an incalculably greater advantage than a man of like vigour
whose physical powers have not been cultivated. Even a
superficial perusal of the following pages can hardly fail to
attest, and, it may be, impress this lesson.

But the prime lesson for all, is to seek to raise the indi-
vidual physical strength, which, unquestionably, is much lower
for the race than it ought to be. By raising the physical
standard in the unit, time and training will accomplish like
results for the race. Nor are we without encouragement in
seeking, in either unit or race, an improvement in physique ;
for Mr. Sandow, who is what he has made himself by follow-
ing his own simple system of muscular training, is a striking

9

illustration of the power of expansion latent in the human
frame, and which in the most of us is capable of development.
Physically, Mr. Sandow is, of course, of more than normal girth,
as well as of exceptional strength of chest, loin and limb ; but
under favouring conditions of exercise and training many
might attain to the same measure of physical development,
while none need despair of making some gratifying approach to
it. We repeat, however, that health, rather than muscular
strength, should be the chief object of physical training. To
most of us, engrossed in the ordinary avocations of life, and
necessarily confined by the conditions of our occupations to
sedentary habits, the main consideration must be the degree in
which we can best perform our work, with the utmost attain-
able freedom from friction or bodily ailment. In Mr. Sandow's
scheme of training he properly gives much

ATTENTION TO CHEST DEVELOPMENT,

since, unless the heart and lungs have room for their natural
and active play, it will matter little either how large or how
strong may be the legs or arms. A narrow or weak chest is
not only in itself a serious bodily defect, but it invariably
conduces to an inferior physique. This has been well illus-
trated by facts recently gathered by Dr. G. W. Hambleton,
President of the Polytechnic Physical Development Society, of
London, who has made many years' researches into the voca-
tions which induce weak lungs and contracted chests. To the
neglect of a proper chest development, says this authority,
is due the large reduction from the numerical strength of the
British army, a reduction which is not only a national weak-
ness, but the occasion of much financial loss, in the annual
invaliding and death of so many otherwise effective men from
the ranks. Benefit societies and life assurance companies.
Dr. Hambleton also computes, lose an enormous sum yearly

10

from the same inciting cause, which might be largely removed,
were the tendency of the habits and the surroundings of the
insured such as to secure increased breathing capacity. In-
different breathing power, and the lack of fresh air and proper
muscular exercise, are but too certainly the prolific causes of
disease and physical degeneracy. Well will it be when the
masses recognize and act upon this palpable truth. Well also
will it be when our instructors make an effort to raise the
prevailing type of chest to a more efficient standard of
excellence.

What is further to be said on this important subject, and
especially on the topic of vital interest to the youth-in-training
the practical bearing of muscular exercise on the health and
strength will be treated of in a later chapter in the technical
division of the work, with the benefit of Mr. Sandow's own
experience as a self-trained athlete and preceptor in the
science of physical culture.

II.

SANDOW, A TITAN IN MUSCLE AND THEWS.

SANDOW, in the ideal perfection of his physical manhood, as
he now appears, is a highly interesting and inspiring study
for the physiologist and the worshipper of Titanically-de-
veloped muscle and thews. His athletic prowess ranks him
with the heroes who are credited with doing mighty deeds in
the Homeric age. Our modern times have produced no one,
it is not too much to say, more perfectly equipped than is this
young Prussian, either as an all-round athlete, or as an ex-
ample of what musclar training can do in developing to per-
fection the human form and achieving the classical ideal of
physical beauty. When, but a few weeks ago, he came to the
New World, it might have been supposed and the hyperbole
in the present case is pardonable that the advance-guard of

12

a new order of physical beings had descended on our planet.
Not only the ubiquitous reporter, but native strong men, and
even experienced and widely-read physiologists, waxed elo-
quent in descanting on his points. But Eugene Sandow, on
his advent in New York, neither fell romantically from the
clouds nor came among us without record of his past doings
or passport to public appreciation and favour. Young as he
still is, he had been for four years the lion of London, the sen-
sation of the time in the English Provinces, and was known
to have been the hero of a hundred wrestling and gladiatorial
contests on the Continent of Europe. In these matches he
had beaten all competitors and won the hoarsely-shouted
acclaim, with the more substantial awards of favour, of the
sport-loving populace in the chief pleasure cities of the Old
World.

CROWNED HEADS HAD PAID HIM HONOUR

even royalty and the aristocratic youth at courts had been his
pupils ; while his name was everywhere a household one
among all classes of the people. Anatomists of world-wide
fame lovingly dwelt on his wonderfully developed frame
before delighted students in the dissecting room, and sculptors
and artists eagerly bid against each other to secure him as a
model.

Nor are we without accredited testimony, from notable
savants, as to the physical endowments of the great athlete.
Professors Yirchow, of Berlin, Kosenheim, of Leyden, and
Yanetti, of Florence, have expressed this opinion, that San-
dow, from an anatomical point of view, is one of the most
perfectly-built men in existence. This judgment has been
authoritatively endorsed by scores of English medical men, of
high repute in their profession, as well as by hundreds of pro-
fessors and well-known experts in the science of physical edu-

'

cation. Army surgeons and chiefs in the training schools, in
the great English depots at Woolwich and Aldershot, have
also given unqualified testimony to Mr. Sandow's prowess and
to the unprecedented results of his methods of training. In
December of last year (1892), at the gymnasium of the Eoyal
Military 'Academy, Woolwich, Surgeon-Major Deane, of the
Medical staff, made Sandow the interesting theme of a lecture,
notable, not only for its inherent merit, but also from the fact
that the great athlete was present and afforded in his person,
to the astonished cadets, a practical object-lesson in gymnas-
tic anatomy.

HIS PHYSICAL TRAINING SYSTEM ADOPTED IN THE BRITISH ARMY.

In military circles throughout England, Mr. Sandow has
been paid similar compliments, and has had the honour of
having his system of physical training recommended for use
in the training schools of the British army, through the
agency of Colonel Fox, Inspector of Gymnasia at Aldershot,
an enthusiastic admirer of Sandow, and a warm friend.

Since his arrival on our shores, Sandow has been the recip-
ient also of not a little interested scientific attention, and been
the subject of much wonder and admiring comment. In his
exhibitions at the New York Casino, in the Tremont Theatre,
Boston, and at the Trocadero, Chicago, he has drawn, nightly,
thousands, the sincerity and heartiness of whose plaudits have
emphasized the wonder and dexterity of his feats. Nor have
athletes, amateur and professional alike, been either backward
or grudging in their praise ; while to anatomists and the
medical faculty in general, Sandow appears if one may
venture the phrase as a standing miracle. The New York
Athletic Club have also paid him the undisguised tribute of
admiration, one of its distinguished members having spoken
of him as "the most perfectly-developed man he had ever

14

seen." Another member of the Club remarks : "I have seen
athletes with almost as big muscles, but never one with the
all-round development Sandow possesses. There is nothing
ibnormal, moreover, in his development. The nearest ap-
)roach to a deformity, if a natural muscular development
lay be termed a deformity, is in the abdominal muscles.
?he like of these I have never before seen in a human being."
Dr. Dudley A. Sargent, Director of Applied Anatomy, Phys-
ical Training, and Personal Hygiene, at the Hemenway Gym-
sium, Harvard University, has compiled an interesting
inthropometric Chart of Sandow, recording accurate meas-
irements of the different parts of the athlete's anatomy, and
prepared a professional paper on him for the Press. In the
latter he observes :

" SANDOW IS THE MOST WONDERFUL SPECIMEN OF MAN I HAVE

EVER SEEN.

He is strong, active and graceful, combining in his person the
characteristics of Apollo, Hercules, and the ideal athlete."
In recording these tributes to Sandow's amazing physical
)wers and phenomenal development of muscle, it is not the
mrpose of this volume, however, to set before the reader a
lere panegyric, or to treat Sandow as a prodigy for exhibi-
tion purposes only. Far otherwise, as we hope shortly to
show, is the design of this work.

THE MIGHTY DEEDS OF ANCIENT STORY.

In all ages there have been some few men possessed of
unique physical power and great muscular development.
Maximinius, the murderer of the Emperor Alexander Severus,
is said to have been able to draw fully-laden carts and waggons
without much effort, to crumble stones between his fingers,

15

and tear young trees apart with his strong hands. Caesar
Borgia is also credited with the possession of great strength,
for it is affirmed of him that he could knock down a bullock
with one blow of his fist. A certain centurion in the Emperor
Augustus's body-guard, tradition has it, could, by the sole
strength' of his arms, bear up a waggon laden with two hogs-
heads of wine until all the wine was drawn out. It is more-
over said of him that he could carry a mule on his back as
easily as he could carry a child, and stop a chariot when the
horses were in full gallop. But we need not go back for such
manifestations of great strength to a mythological age, or
seek for them only among the heroes of antiquity. We have
all read, or heard, of the Venetian athlete who, though small
of stature, could break the thickest shank-bone of oxen upon
his knees ; of the German, Le Feur, in the sixteenth century,
who could carry a pipe of wine on his shoulders ; of John
Bray, the Cornishman, who could carry the carcass of an ox
a furlong ; of Libeski, a Polander, who at Constantinople, in
1581, lifted a piece of wood which twelve men had enough to
do to raise from the ground and bore on his breast a mighty
stone which ten men had, with much effort, rolled thither.
Nor do we forget the Scottish Highlander who, not long
ago, used to uproot young oaks from the earth, cast Highland
steers, and harnessing himself with horse-breeching raise a
ton weight ; or Topham, the strong man of the last century,
who, with the aid of leathern straps passed over his shoulders,
with chains attached, could lift three hogsheads of water,
weighing 1836 Ibs., and support on his body four men, each
weighing fourteen stone.

THE EMULATING EFFECT OF MIGHTY DEEDS.

The ancient classics give us well-nigh a surfeit of mighty
heroes, whose deeds have been sung in noble epic or recited in

16

stirring story. If many of these deeds are mythical, the
classical student has not the less enjoyed the literary qualities
in the story and the story-teller ; nor have daring spirits, in
the ages since, failed to find in both a stimulus to the ac-
complishment of feats of like prowess. In the swing and
spirit of their telling, ardent natures have often caught fire,
and done many a noble deed by emulating the spirit which even
the recital of noble deeds inspire. England's battles have been
won, it is a familiar saying, by the muscle-training which her
youth acquire on the playgrounds of her great Public Schools.
What they drink in, as with their mother's milk, of deeds of
renown in their own noble history, as well as in the tradition
of that of other nations Greek, Roman, Teuton, and Scan-
dinavian may well fire the young heart to deeds of high em-
prise and great valour.

No lustre is so great, we know, as that which gilds the
doing of a great deed. Back, however, of the doing of it, must
be the courage which a consciousness of the ability to do the
deed inspires. In this lies the moral value of physical train-
ing. We do not say, of course, that the intrepid mind waits
to reason before throwing itself into the breach in the moment
of jeopardy or peril. But is it not folly to hazard life in the
performance of an act for the doing of which one has not the
physical power, though one may have the courage ? The
man who is himself no swimmer will but court his own fate
should be seek to save another from drowning. He who is
most likely to stop a runaway horse in a crowded thorough-
fare is the man who has both the muscle and the pluck to risk
life in the effort. Nor is it safe to say that emergencies are
infrequent for the instant

EXERCISE OF A STRONG MAN'S POWER AND WILL.

The student of martial history, at least, will not need to be
2 17

reminded of this. Turn the dial of time back a few hundred
years, and he will recall how often the fortunes of b&ttle
depended upon the deft prowess of a single arm. Nor is the
fact less true of our own time. One can hardly go into the
thronged streets of our cities, or board a crowded steamboat,
on pleasure bent, without being confronted with an emergency
which may call our whole strength and courage into instant
action. Mr. Sandow's extraordinary physical powers may be
our own possession in but a faint degree ; yet that they are
that is an acquisition of no mean moment, for to what trained
power we have we may some day owe our life. Is the argu-
ment without force as a plea for compulsory physical training ?
Even in spite of himself, Mr. Sandow has become what is
termed a professional athlete. To that fact, both in this
country and in England, he doubtless owes much of his fame.
But it is due to Mr. Sandow to say that he long resisted
the clamour that he should exhibit his prowess for money and
pursue professional gymnastics as a vocation. Not that, per se,
the vocation is objectionable ; but that, at the outset, he was
under no compulsion to seek it as a profession, and was brought
up in a rooted dislike to appear in public as a salaried exhibi-
tor. The attraction to him was the enjoyment he took in

WRESTLING AND FEATS OP AGILITY AND STRENGTH

as an amateur. While indulging his tastes, as in an idle
pastime, he broke, as will presently be seen, with his father,
and that circumstance, coupled, possibly, with the fascinating
glamour of the public arena, drew him at last into the profes-
sion. Like the high-minded and generous man he is, however,
he cares little for the pecuniary rewards of his work. Had
he wanted merely to make money, he would no doubt have

18

taken to the pugilist's golden career ; but this, we know, was
always abhorrent to him.

When, in process of time, Mr. Sandow came to know his own
power, we can well imagine the pleasure he took in his con-
tinued muscular training. Modest as he is, and inclined, with
the instincts of a gentleman, to repress rather than assert him-
self, we can hardly doubt that, at times, when he scores a great
triumph, he takes honest pleasure in looking himself over with
the lust of the eye and in the pride of life. With his magnif-
icent physique, he would hardly be human if he did not. But
his normal characteristic, professionally and privately, is self-
effacement ; and though reliant and confident in his powers,
he always bears himself modestly. Even when smarting from
some provocation, or when a rival contestant unduly draws
upon his courtesy and good-nature, he invariably places him-
self under rigid restraint. Only twice is he known, the occa-
sions of which will afterwards be stated, to have departed from
what, considering his strength, will be deemed a merciful
habit.

Having regard to the interest of the subject, the earlier
portion of the following pages will be confined to telling the
tale of Mr. Sandow's public career. In chronicling the story,
it is proper to say, that only indisputable facts will be set
forth ; and it is the desire of Mr. Sandow, as it is that of the
writer, that no exaggeration shall be indulged in and no
colour given to the narrative beyond that which the facts them-
selves warrant. This, it is hoped, will be deemed to have been
rigidly adhered to, in dealing with incidents which, in London
especially, became the subject of much journalistic controversy
in relation to Mr. Sandow and his defeated rivals. . One thing
may be said in this connection, and it is itself a guarantee of
good faith, as well as good taste in the subject-character of
the book, that Mr. Sandow has never made a claim for himself
to which he had not a right, or which the facts themselves

19

do not furnish the proof. After this fashion, and in the
spirit we have indicated, we proceed, in the chapters which
follow, to unfold the life-history which, with some misgiving*
as to our ability to do justice to the theme, we set out to
relate.

20

III.

SANDOW'S BOYHOOD AND EARLY LIFE.

A PERSONALITY so marked as that of Sandow, with such
power latent in him, both of will and purpose, as would make
of him the character he has become, presents, even in youth,
many aspects of view, the presentation of which can hardly
fail to be of interest to the reader. It is a trifle tedious, how-
ever, as most will admit, to dwell in minute detail on the
early life of men who have subsequently made their mark in
the world. We shall not fall into this error in treating of
Mr. Sandow's youth- time, for all we might say would be to re-
peat the aphorism, doubtless in his case with variations, that
" the child is father to the man." If we enlarged upon this
topic, it would be to remark that while from his earliest years
young Sandow had a fondness for athletics and exercised his
muscles, even turtiyely when he was denied the opportunity to

21

do so openly, he never dreamed of reaching the perfection of
bodily development and muscular power he was afterwards
to attain, or of becoming renowned on two hemispheres for
mighty deeds of physical agility and strength. He had,
nevertheless,

A BOY'S NATURAL AND HEALTHY DESIRE FOR DISTINCTION,

though, as yet, the field of his youthful tests of strength was a
modest one, and immature were the powers which one day
were to do great feats. In his ambition to train himself, he
aimed at being thorough rather than showy, and, as he has
counselled many a pupil in athletics since,

HE PUT HIS MIND INTO HIS EXERCISES.

The phrase, in Mr. Sandow's mouth, is worth dwelling upon,
for, as he earnestly and persistently avows, it is the key to
success as a gymnast. The difference is great, as every
learner knows or ought to know, between going through
certain exercises in a perfunctory and mechanical manner,
and putting the muscles to the strain by concentrating the
mind and will-power upon the manipulation of the weights,
or whatever muscular exercise is being attempted. Exercise,
he of course also maintains, should be systematic, persistent,
and thorough. Without this, and disregarding his chief in-
junction, to put mind into your work, anything like proficiency
cannot be reached. How assiduously and laboriously Sandow
has himself trained, few men who have not some time or other
equipped themselves for competitive contests can know. For
years, as we have already observed, he did this for the love of
it, and without thought that in the future he should turn his
training into an arduous but profitable vocation. This fact, in
telling the story of the athlete's early life, we may have occasion

22

to repeat, for Mr. Sandow is fond of referring to it with his
young pupils as an encouragement when they are apt to weary
of assiduous exercise and the toil it entails. But this and
other matters of practical interest we shall come to in the
narrative of the life, upon which we now enter.

Eugene Sandow was born at Konigsberg, Prussia, on the
2d of April, 1867. He is consequently now only in his
twenty-seventh year. As a child he was healthy and well-
formed, but there was nothing of the prodigy about him,
physically or mentally ; nor were either of his parents of any-
thing but normal physique. Up to his fifteenth year, indeed,
young Eugene was of slight build and rather delicate consti-
tution. His father, like all patriotic Germans, had served
some five years in the army, but took to commerce as his life-
vocation, and, in time, became a prosperous jeweller and
dealer in precious stones and metals. This worthy citizen of
Konigsberg is now dead, as is his wife, Mr. Sandow's loving
and devoted mother. A half-brother, who also is only of aver-
age physique, is a professor in the University of Gottingen.
Sandow himself was an earnest student, and in his school-boy
years was deemed a fair, all-round scholar, though he had
a preference for mathematical studies, in which he was well
versed and won honours . Contemporary with his college-days,
he devoted himself with great ardour to all forms of gymnastic
exercises and athletics. There he stood upon what was now
to be commanding ground, for so successful was his training
that he soon distinguished himself in all sports, and feats of
agility and strength. In these he outrivalled even his senior
schoolmates. He loved, beyond anything, to steal off to the
gymnasium and the circus, and in the latter, with youthful
but wayward ambition, longed to test his strength

23

WITH ACROBATS, WRESTLERS, AND HEAVY-WEIGHT LIFTERS.

The circus was, however, unhallowed ground with his good
and honest parents, and, seeing their son drawn with uncov-
enanted bonds to the glittering arena, they put the place for
him under interdict. This was a sore rebuff to young Eugene,
but it led to the redoubling of his own home-efforts to become
redoubtable as an athlete.

About this time young Sandow's holidays fell due, and his
father, being in good circumstances and fond of his boy,
who had been diligent in his studies, gave him the treat
of taking him with him on a visit to Borne. Arriving at
Rome, what the youthful scholar had imbibed of the classics
led him to take keen interest in the art treasures of the
Eternal City, particularly in the statuary, representing the
gods and heroes of antiquity. Under the local influences of
the place, his imagination repeopled the Corso and the Colos-
seum with the stalwart deities of Roman mythology and he
seemed to see, as in a vision, the great pageant of a past day,
with mighty concourses of people applauding their laurel-
crowned favourites in the wrestler's arena. But, practically,
he liked most to frequent the art-galleries, and there to hang
about and admire the finely-sculptured figures of heathen
deities and the

CHISELLED BEAUTY OF SOME HERCULEAN ATHLETE

or wrestler in the throes of a life or death struggle. With
the inquiring mind of youth, he asked his father why our
modern race had nothing to show in physical development
like those lusty men of the olden time ? Had the race deteri-
orated, or were the figures before him only the ideal creations
of god-like men ? His father's reply was a disappointment to
him, for he had to admit that the race had suffered physical
decline, and even in its choicest individual specimens had fallen

24

grievously from its once mighty estate. Later ages, with
their ignoble ideals, and the sordid habits and fashionable
indulgences of the race, had wrought their due havoc a havoc
which the father took occasion to impress on the youth's mind,
and the admonition was not lost. Eugene, contrasting his
own slight figure with the mighty thews and graceful
forms of the statued heroes about him, conceived the idea to
train his body to the utmost pitch of perfection, and so ap-
proach, if he did not attain to, the

ANCIENT IDEAL OF PHYSICAL POWER AND BEAUTY.

^Returning to his home, in the high ardour of emulation, he
devoted himself, more assiduously than ever, to muscular
training and the intelligent study of his frame, its capacities
and functions. Every opportunity he took advantage of that
seemed to further him in his work and brought him nearer
the goal of his purpose. Many and furtive, at this time, were
his resorts to the circus-tent and the wrestler's arena. But
these were forbidden indulgences, and though he tried hard to
give heed of his parent's injunctions, his ruling passion was
often too strong for him. So all-impelling was his ambition
at this period, that we find him repeatedly running away from
home, and as repeatedly and ignominiously being brought
back.

The battle was of long continuance between young San-
dow's inclination and his duty to his parents. It ended at last
in his going to the University of Gottingen, where, however,
he was permitted a measure of indulgence in physical train-
ing. Winning his way, with the exception of the limitations
imposed upon him, he pursued his academic studies with zeal
and energy, which so commended him in the eyes of his
parents that they permitted his proceeding to Brussels to
study anatomy. This, it may be said in passing, was not the

25

profession his parents had designed for him. The family were
of the Lutheran faith, and its heads had hoped that Eugene,
with his gifts and prospects, might take to the ministry. But
in this they were disappointed, though they were not loth to
see their son turn to the healing art as a profession. Ere long,
however, they had a new disappointment, for Eugene, at the
medical school, confined himself almost entirely to the ana-
tomical course. Here the reader will, once more, perceive the
undeviating bent of the young athlete's purpose. Yet most
valuable, it must be said, was the intimate knowledge he
gained of the structure and

3IUSCLE-RAMIFICATION OF THE HUMAN FRAME.

It was the instruction he most needed in pursuing his training
as an athlete, and almost beyond price has he since found the
knowledge he then acquired. Meanwhile, it gave new stimulus
and a fresh direction to his labours in muscle-culture, and
brightened and widened the outlook on his cherished athletic
pursuits.

Up to this time, though young Sandow had achieved no
inconsiderable local fame as a skilled gymnast and wrestler,
he had had no thought of indulging his tastes beyond the
limits of the amateur. A quarrel just then with his father
altered the condition of things with the young lad, and con-
fronted him with a grave crisis in his life. His parent, seek-
ing to curb Eugene's infatuation for his favourite pastime, cut
off his money-allowance and threatened him with other
embarrassing deprivations. The result did not meet the fond
father's expectations. It threw the high-spirited lad on his
own resources, and only too apparent were the resources
available. The circus and the theatre became more than ever
his resorts, and not unwilling, as we may well imagine, were
his feet to go thither. Luck and his skill threw prize-money

26

in his way, and now and then he earned a little by hiring him-

f out to sculptors and artists as a model.

Only precarious, however, was at this time young Eugene's
leans of livelihood, and soon he had seriously to debate with
limself how or where else he could make money. In debat-
ig the question, he bethought himself of a quasi -professional

sit to Holland. Before he left Brussels, Sandow made the

juaintance of a well-known and noted professor of athletics,
rho, at various periods and in different countries, was to figure

exhibitions with him.

SANDOW FIRST MEETS ATILLA.

This was Professor Atilla, who, at the time we are writing of,
mducted a gymnastic training school at Brussels. Sandow's
itroduction to this expert instructor in physical education
ras due to the enthusiasm of some pupils of Atilla, who had
lught sight of the young Prussian wrestler, entering a caf6
opposite the gymnasium, while they were themselves receiv-
ing a lesson. Sandow was induced by his eager friends, who
knew his skill, to bring himself to the knowledge of " the
Professor " by exhibiting some of the more wonderful feats
they had known him to perform. The exhibition proved an
astonishment to Atilla, for he found that the youth not only
surpassed all his pupils in dexterity and strength, but could do
many things which the master was himself unable to perform.
. On the other hand, the partnership which grew out of this
chance encounter was, while it lasted, of service to Sandow,
for the latter learned something from the expert which was
afterwards added to his own repertoire. Together, the two
paid professional visits to Eotterdam, Antwerp, and other towns
close by, and later on returned with the modest gains of their
labour to Brussels. They also found at Leyden, among the
students at the University, interested and well-paying pupils,
to whom the athletes, for a time gave lessons.

27

IV.

SANDOW AS A STKONGMAN IN HOLLAND.

WITH no decided views as to where, after parting with
Atilla, he would be likely to find employment, Sandow found
the occasion urgent to go in search of it, for he was again en-
tirely dependent upon his own resources. In passing from
his native Prussia to Belgium, he left behind him not only
those who knew and loved him, but, to some extent also, the
interest actively felt throughout the Fatherland in wrestling
and all manner of gymnastics. To the young adventurer the
situation was more serious when he had to pass from Belgium
into Holland, because this took him still further from hope of
engagement, where he was known as an athlete, besides, as
we have seen, having now to get along without his father's
allowance. In proceeding to Amsterdam, he was venturing

28

SANDOW. CLUB STUDIES.

Sarony Photo.

his barque on an entirely unknown sea. He as yet knew no
one in the city, though he possessed the pleasant manners and
frank, open countenance of one ere long certain to make
friends. He had, moreover, youth and hope on his side, and,
by this time, had acquired remarkable strength, with a varied
though miscellaneous experience of circuses, theatres, and
shows. At the chief theatres he sought employment as a
strongman, but strongman exhibitions, he was brusquely,
almost rudely told, were not then in vogue ; while the mana-
ger of the "Paleis voor Volksvly t " would not pay Sandow
the humble ten guilders ($4) a night the young athlete asked
for his services. At this juncture, when fortune most frowned,
his worthy father once more besought him to return home ;
but, though without prospects, and in almost extreme need of
money, he refused. Depressed and crestfallen as he was,
with his hotel bill in arrears and not a little of his effects in
pawn, he yet had confidence in himself : in any case, he could
not brook the idea of acknowledging his life, so far, a failure.

ESCAPADE AT AMSTERDAM.

One day, when his store of money was quite gone, save a
mere pittance in his pocket, a daring scheme entered his head,
which, he thought, would be a novel mode, at least, of adver-
tising himself, and might lead to his securing the employ-
ment which he now sorely needed. He was, as we have said,
unknown in Amsterdam, and had had no chance afforded him
to show his powers. What he did was to take a cabman into
confidence and arrange with him to drive him round the city
some morning between midnight and dawn. His purpose
was to visit all the weight-lifting machines scattered through-
out the town, outside the closed caf^s, and wreck each in
turn by a strong pull at the handle a feat which only a very
powerful man like young Sandow could do. Dependent upon

29

the good-nature of the cabman, not only to keep his counsel
as to what he intended to do, but for the necessary coin to put
in the slot of each machine, he set out and only too well ac-
complished his purpose. In the morning, when the city was
astir, every passer along the streets carried the news to the
police- stations, and soon bulletins were issued by the news-
papers, saying that the city had been visited over night by a
gang of ruffian marauders, who had, by their combined
strength so the account ran dismantled and wrecked every
weight-lifting machine. The whole city wondered at the
deed, and for days it was the subject of universal talk. The
authorities offered a thousand guilders reward for the discovery
and capture of the miscreants. Every citizen, and of course
every habited guardian of the city's nocturnal peace, had each
his own theory of how the town came to be so invaded and the
machines gutted. In time, the town breathed freely again ;
the machines were repaired ; and the inexplicable deed was
about forgotten. A second time, and, after a little, a third
time, the city woke to a repetition of the machine- wrecking
experience.

ARRESTED ; AMUSING SCENE AT THE POLICE STATION.

After the second of the wrecking exploits, it was of course
not easy to guard against surprisal, for by this time the police
were officiously on the qui vive, while every porter and night-
watchman was but too anxious to obtain the civic reward.
The cabman, with Sandow, had almost completed thfe third
night's round when the latter was espied by a porter at one
of the cafs just as he was giving the wrench to a machine
which threw it out of gear and broke the springs. The porter,
realizing the apparent strength of the nightly depredator,
kept at a respectful distance from the strongman, but having
the reward of the authorities before his eyes was not willing

30

to lose the chance of bagging his game. Sandow, on the other
hand, having sufficiently stirred up the city to interest in his
nocturnal acts, was but too ready to reap his own peculiar
reward and inwardly was not averse from arrest.
The porter, meanwhile, having rushed to the nearest police-
ice, brought with him a posse of constables, who collectively
>ounced upon young Sandow, who suffered himself to be
taken to the station. There he was catechised by the sergeant-
in-charge as to who were his confederates in crime, for no one
imagined that the machines had -been wrecked by a single
pair of arms. Sandow's protestation that he alone did the
deed was received at first as a joke. Again and again was
he interrogated on the point and threatened with handcuffs
and imprisonment. He, of course, continued to make but
one answer, and as its possible truth began to dawn on the
police they treated him with more politic consideration. At
this, Sandow, with a nonchalant air, repeated his protest
against arrest, for, as he naively observed, he had been merely
exercising his arms, and in the slot of each machine had
honestly paid the toll. Presently, a commissary of police
appeared on the scene, and, with amazement and curiosity,
heard Sandow's account of the affair and his demurral to the
indignity of arrest. The comic aspect of the scene was
reached when the culprit gave indisputable evidence on the
biggest of the constables that he was the strong man he
claimed to be, to the amusement of the inspector and the
crowd that by this time had gathered in and about the police
station.

After this amusing exhibition of strength, which quite won
the heart of the old commissaire, Sandow was released on his
own recognizances, promising to appear should action by the
authorities be pressed, which, we may say here, was not the
case. On the contrary, the young athlete became the lion of
the town, and he and the cabman were escorted in triumph to

31

the hotel where Sandow lodged, which has since become a
great resort owing to its connection with the morning's inci-
dents. There the entire staff of the establishment was for
hours kept busy drawing beer for the enthusiastic populace
that had followed Sandow and were talking in hilarious glee
over the affair. A suite of fine rooms, in exchange for his
previous humble domicile, was offered our hero by the hotel-
proprietor, who had caught the contagion of excitement from
the crowd and was eager to show his gratitude to Sandow for
bringing him such welcome and unlooked-for custom. This
custom, thanks to the now notorious athlete, was not evanes-
cent, but grew daily in volume, especially while Sandow made
the city his home ; and the hotel-proprietor, it may be re-
marked, emphatically dates the founding of his fortune from
the day on which the incident transpired which we have just
related.

At the theatre, it may be added, which had refused Sandow
a salary of ten guilders a night, he now obtained a prolonged
engagement at twelve hundred guilders a week !

AT LONDON AND PARIS.

The success of the machine-wrecking hero at Amsterdam
brought together again Atilla and his quondam partner and
pupil. Together they resumed for a time their itinerant ex-
hibitions and afterwards crossed over to London, where Atilla
had secured an engagement at the Crystal Palace, Sydenham.
There Atilla, shortly after appearing, had the ill-luck to meet
with an accident on the stage, which terminated his engage-
ment and threw both himself and Sandow out of employment.
Shortly after this, Sandow drifted across to Paris, where
dame Fortune again became fickle and for a while treated him
churlishly. He made repeated but fruitless efforts to get an
engagement, and failing in that became exigently hard up.

32

His ill-luck continued for some weeks, and only a forced
resort to the pawn-shop enabled him to exist. To Sandow's
surprise it was even difficult to hire himself out as a model.
)ne day, after meeting with only mortifying rebuffs, the
roung athlete called upon a professor of anatomy, at the
Lcadernie des Beaux Arts. To the professor he made his
sual request for employment and was met with the now
familiar answer, that " just then he had no need of a model."
ipatient at the stereotyped answer, he urged that he was a
trong man and physically well- developed, adding, pathet-
ically, that he would be thankful for even a day or two's en-
gagement, that he might be fed. The professor, not heeding
the appeal, or being in a hurry to get back to his class, turned
ascend the stair, leaving Sandow, in chagrin, to take him-
3lf off. But the latter was not thus to be got rid of, at least
rithout giving the learned gentleman a practical proof of his
strength. As the doctor, who was a large man, was mount-
ing the stair, Sandow caught him by the legs, and with an
sy, effortless movement he put him down at his side.
"Mon Dieu," said Esculapius, " you are indeed a phenome-
ion ! "

" Yes," rejoined the athlete, " and if you give me a chance
rou will see what else I can do."

The doctor now invited Sandow to his class-room, where he
exhibited his figure and some of his notable feats before an
enthusiastic band of students, winning the deafening applause
)f all present, with a purse, to which each pupil contributed,
mtaining two hundred francs. For several months, Sandow
mtinued to exhibit at the Academy as a model, and also
found remunerative work in giving private lessons as an
ithlete.

About this time, Sandow made the acquaintance of a strolling
circus-man named Francois, with whom he made a lengthened
tour with a pantomime show, Sandow contributing no little

33

of the attraction by his gymnastic feats and unrivalled power
as a wrestler. These exhibitions proving remunerative,
Sandow finally embraced them as a profession, meeting hence-
forth an almost unbroken run of luck.

V.
SANDOW AS A WRESTLER IN ITALY.

THE tour in France with the pantomimist, Francois, was, as
we have said, a remunerative one, and naturally so, for the
play in which Sandow and his quondam partner appeared had
many elements of interest and novelty. As a pantomime, it
amused the people ; while the combination of athlete and
harlequin introduced a new feature in entertainments of the
kind, which astonished as well as delighted the audiences that
were drawn nightly to witness them. The pantomime was en-
titled L'Afficheur (the bill-sticker). It was composed as well
as partly performed by Sandow and Francois, who appeared
under the stage-designation of " les frdres Rijos." Its orig-
inal character may be apprehended from the circumstance
that Fran9ois, who personated harlequin, was dressed as a
huge doll, which Sandow juggled and tossed about the stage,
threw over walls, and pitched in at windows, with a freedom

35

which for a time disguised from the audience the fact that it
was a living man, and not a stage property, that was being
shuttlecocked about. Amusingly labelled, harlequin was also
thrown against walls, to which he clung, exhibiting, in ingen-
iously contrived changes of dress, the pictorial embellishments
of the bill-sticker's art. The performance, though an amusing
farce, gave opportunity for the display of Sandow's extraor-
dinary dexterity and strength, and served well the purposes for
which it had been temporarily taken up. From France Sandow
and Francois passed on to Italy, where, at Rome, they met
with continued success as they adapted the pantomime to the
tastes and local circumstances of that country. With the
company was an artist whom Sandow had known in Holland
at the time of his machine-breaking escapade, and an evening
was devoted to the giving of a benefit to this old confrere.
To give eclat to the evening's performance, the artist begged
Sandow to exhibit his prowess in some feats of strength other
than those in which he was accustomed to appear. Anxious
to favour his friend, he readily complied with the request,
though he was without apparatus, which had to be borrowed
or extemporised. After a little searching about, the neces-
sary appurtenances were got together. Impressed into ser-
vice, besides a set of dumb-bells, were a couple of pairs of rail-
way-car wheels, with their axles ; yet, with this motley appa-
ratus, Mr. Sandow not only contributed his own share to the
evening's entertainment, but achieved a triumph which threw
into the shade the other performances of the occasion. So
signal was his success, that the director of the local theatre
called upon him to offer him a very liberal sum if he would
abandon the pantomime and engage himself as a wrestler and
performer of feats of strength. This he afterwards did, and
won a name for himself in the Eternal City for his perform-
ances, which attracted King Humbert and the athlete-loving
members of his court. He was, however, not unmindful of his

36

partner, Frangois, for he shared with him the profits of his
exhibitions until he left the city.

While at Rome, Sandow had an opportunity of enhancing
his fame as a wrestler, for in this capacity he had been giving
lessons to the titled youth of the Italian court, as well as win-
ing their admiration for his powers as an athlete. This came
about in consequence of a challenge he received from Barto-
letti, a notable Eoman wrestler, not unknown in America,
who offered to stake 5000 francs on the result of a wrestling
match with Sandow. The challenge was accepted, and the
issue was a surprise to all Rome, for Sandow's victory was an
easy one and enabled him to put the prize-money in his pocket.
On the morrow of the contest, the surprised winner was made
the recipient, after the fashion of the South, of innumerable
bouquets, with other souvenirs and presents, including many
applications from those seeking to become pupils of Sandow
in learning the art of athlete and wrestler. In a short time
he had more pupils than he wanted, though the aggregate
fees were welcomed in the improvement of his finances.
From Rome, Sandow at length passed to Florence, whither
his reputation had preceded him, and there he met with equal
success, and was presented by the Athletic Club of the famous
art city with a handsome gold medal in commemoration of
his visit.

Subsequently, Sandow visited Venice and Milan, where he
won further honours with the golden rewards of his work. At
the latter city he received a new challenge from Bartoletti,
who, it seems, was not satisfied that he had been fairly beaten,
or was at least unwilling, without further trial of strength,
to accept defeat. Sandow, good-naturedly humored the great
wrestler, and the new match took place at the Theatre
d'Alverne, with like results. Sandow again was victor. A
new contestant at this time came upon the scene, named Sali,
a man who was acknowledged to be the best wrestler in Italy,

37

and had won repute in Australia, where he defeated every one
of his opponents. The moment was an auspicious one for a
trial of strength between an Italian and a Prussian, for Ger-
many and Italy had just then joined the Triple Alliance, and
the political movements of the time invested the match with
an international importance. Sali, moreover, was known to
be an ugly customer in a contest, a man who would do his
utmost to beat his opponent, as well as to maintain the fame
of his country. Public excitement rose to a high pitch over
the match, and the gymnasium of Milan put up the money
for the stakes. The day arranged for the contest came, but
the sequel was not varied in Sali's case, though he stood well
up to his work, and the match lasted over an hour. The
honours once more fell to Sandow, who came off victor and
received an enthusiastic ovation, with the usual accompani-
ment of presents of fruit, flowers, and bon-bons.

Subsequently, Sandow beat, in five minutes, Milo, a pupil
of Sali's, and then proceeded to Venice, where he bought a
villa, with the design of enjoying a brief vacation. Here he
was induced, however, to forego his well-earned rest, and to
issue a challenge, this time to any two wrestlers, whom he
(Sandow) undertook to tackle at once, the stakes being 3000
francs. A number of would-be competitors came forward,
attracted by the daring challenge ; but two only remained in
the field to try their luck against the redoubtable Prussian.
Their names were Sarini and Vocoli. Notwithstanding that
the occasion was the first one in which Sandow had ventured
to wrestle with two men at once, ten minutes sufficed for the
contest, for within that brief space both athletes were on their
backs.

Elated at his success, and being in admirably good form,
Sandow now published a challenge, inviting three wrestlers
to try their skill against him in one match ; the rules of the
contest being that, as each man is successively thrown, he is

38

considered out of the ring ; though, until there is a fall, all
may come upon the challenger at once. His three former
opponents, Bartoletti, Sarini, and Vocoli, accepted the chal-
lenge, and, as may be imagined, great was the excitement
which the proposed match evoked. It will appear tame, as
well as the merest commonplace, to chronicle the result;
which varied in no whit from that of the preceding matches,
though Sandow had an unusually hard struggle of it to wrest
victory from the grip of his triple opponents. The match

sted an hour and a half and was a triumph such as Sandow
light well be proud of. Against professionals of so great re-
mte, no wrestler has hitherto been known to contend, in a
latch three against one, and to come off conqueror.

So notable a contest could hardly be won without its being
widely talked of and deservedly praised. For a time it was
the chief topic in the German and Italian Press, and the theme
of comment in all the Mediterranean cities and towns. It
took place just at the period when the late German Emperor,
Frederick William, was at San Eemo under treatment for his
throat the malady which was soon to deprive the Fatherland
of its loved monarch. Sandow's renown naturally reached
the young king's ears, and Frederick sent a message to Venice
commanding the presence at San Remo, of the Konigsberg
athlete. The command, we need hardly say, was obeyed with
eager alacrity, and Sandow had the honour of giving an ex-
hibition of his prowess before the Kaiser and his royal consort.
The Emperor, though sadly stricken now with his fatal mal-
ady, was himself a man of much strength, and naturally took
pride in witnessing the feats which his athletic fellow-country-
man had to show him. With an old-time pride in his own
powers, Frederick took a complete pack of playing-cards and
with a strong, quick turn of the wrists tore them in two. It
might have been courtly etiquette to leave the Emperor to the
enjoyment of the pride he felt in the work of his hands ; but

39

some one informed His Majesty that Sandow could beat him
at his own trick, and it was with pleased surprise, and with
no admixture of envy, that he witnessed two packs torn apart
by the renowned athlete. After witnessing several other as-
tonishing feats, the Kaiser took a ring of great value from
his finger, which he had worn for eighteen years, and with
frank heartiness presented it to Sandow, telling him, at the
same time, that he was an honour to their common Father-
land, and that he could desire nothing more than that his army
were made up of many such types of fine physical manhood.
He added, with touching pathos, that, to possess Sandow's
perfection of bodily health and strength, he would gladly ex-
change places with him, were it in his power to do so. He
also expressed the hope that he might live to see Sandow his
guest 'at Berlin. The ring, which he then placed on his sub 1
ject's finger, is of beautiful French enamel, . encircled with
brilliants, with the initial F, and a crown over it composed of
diamonds. Sandow naturally prizes it as the most cherished
of his souvenir treasures.

After this memorable incident in the great athlete's career,
Sandow returned to Venice, where he had an encounter with
a wrestler, named Muller, whose unprofessional brutality in
&, match which ensued, gave Sandow occasion long to remem-
ber him with keenest dislike. He was, in truth, a terrible
antagonist ; being known to resort to infamous tactics such
as seeking to break his opponent's finger or limb to get the
better of his adversary and win a match, even through a foul.
Sandow, though aware of Muller's vicious habit, was not loth
to try odds with him, and the match was duly brought on,
before an immense and highly wrought-up audience. Sandow
entered the arena and confronted his adversary with his usual
pluck and coolness. After some minutes' struggling and a
few feints, Muller saw that he was not likely to throw his op-
ponent and he then attempted to play his old game, which

40

Sandow, for the time being, foiled. Muller persisted, how-
ever, in his tactics, and endeavoured to get Sandow at a dis-
advantage, seizing hold of wrist, arm or limb, in turn, with
the evident design of breaking or disabling it. - But: Sandow
was wary, and for a further while succeeded in checkmating
is purpose, until, with both hands, Muller fastened upon
iandow's right forearm and tried to snap it at the wrist, and
it the same time, with a supreme effort, he forced two' fingers
f his right hand an inch deep into Sandow's flesh, crushing
.e veins till they burst, and causing him intense pain. This
stardly act, so foully committed, caused Sandow, for the
rst and only time in his life, when wrestling, to lose his tem-
per, though not his presence of mind. With all his strength,
Sandow, by an alert movement, jerked back his left arm, and,
closing upon Muller, threw both arms round his body, between
the waist and the chest, and drew his opponent towards him
in a very bear's-hug until Muller's face blackened and blood
gushed from his mouth, and he fell upon the floor as if he
were dead. The defence was the act of a minute ; but it left
Muller, not dead, but with four broken ribs, from which it
took him a long time to recover ; while Sandow was disabled
for four months, the veins being torn in his arm, and the
nerve-fibres greatly lacerated. Even to-day, though five years
have passed, Sandow speaks of the circumstance with keenest
regret and no little reticence ; though it was Muller's own
perfidy that provoked Sandow to administer the merited, but
unrestrained chastisement.

It was at Venice, shortly after his recovery, that Sandow
made the acquaintance of the English artist, Aubrey Hunt,
E. A., whose admiration of the fine physical development of
the great athlete led him to paint the now well-known picture
of Sandow in the Coliseum at Eome, in the character of a
gladiator. It was from this artist that Sandow first heard of
Sampson's nightly challenges at the Westminster Aquarium

41

to any athlete who would come forward and do the feats per-
formed by himself or his pupil, Cyclops. On the evening of.
the day Sandow was apprised of the challenge, he was already
on his way to London, with what results if the reader is not
yet aware of them the next chapter will disclose.

42

SANDOW WINS HIS FIRST LAURELS IN LONDON.

SANDOW was in his twenty-third year when he came to Lon-
don, attracted, as we have seen, by the rather braggart chal-
lenges of Samson on behalf of himself and his pupil, Cyclops.
Within a couple of days after his arrival, the young Prussian
athlete became the subject of as much public talk as if he
were some royal personage whom the clubs, the privileged
class and society in general had agreed to treat as the lion
of the season. This was due to Sandow's immediate and
enthusiastically-hailed triumph over Samson's protege, includ-
ing the winning of a 100 stake at the Royal Aquarium,
Westminster, after a contest of unprecedented excitement and
thrilling interest. Something, no doubt, was due, also, to
the suddenness with which the then unknown strongman had
alighted upon the world's metropolis and won so signal a vic-

43

tory, to the modest yet confident demeanour of the victor in
marked contrast to the manner and bearing of his challenger
and, especially, to the interest excited in the classic beauty
and fine physical development of the newcomer's form and
person. London, we know, loves dearly to have an idol, how-
ever brief and inconstant if we are to take the cynic's word
for it maybe its idolatry. In Sandow's coming on the scene,
the great city was, however, justified, in the matter both of
physique and prowess, in its penchant for idols. Here is the

PEN-PORTRAIT OF THE YOUNG ATHLETE,

as he then appeared, taken by a representative of the London
Daily Telegraph, and published in that eminent journal,
November 4th, 1889. " Personally he (Sandow) is a short,
but perfectly -built young man of twenty-two years of age,
with a face of somewhat ancient Greek type, but with the
clear blue eyes and curling fair hair of the Teuton. When in
evening dress there is nothing specially remarkable about this
quiet-mannered, good-natured youth ; but when he takes off
his coat and prepares for action, the extraordinary develop-
ment of the arms, shoulders and back muscles is marvellously
striking. It is no exaggeration to say that the statue of the
' Farnese Hercules ' (see illustration) is not more powerfully
modelled ; the muscles stand out under a clear white skin in
high relief, and suggest the gnarled roots of old trees."

Similar testimony to Sandow's attractiveness of person and
rare physical development appeared, we may say, in the entire
metropolitan press ; and, for months, almost every English
journal gave columns to the chronicling of Sandow's wonder-
ful doings. So great and wide-reaching was the interest
taken in him, that, throughout the British islands, the wor-
ship of muscle became a cult, and every phase of athleticism,
with reminiscences of those who had notably figured in them,

44

was minutely and unweariedly discussed. Referring to our
hero's achievements, and their genuine and legitimate charac-
ter, another London journal (the Morning Advertiser) at the
period admiringly remarked, that " there was no doubt about
the extraordinary performance of the victor (Sandow) in lift-
ing and holding at arm's length a full-grown man, or in toy-
ing with a 150 Ib. bar of iron as if it were an average dumb-
bell. Unadorned efforts of this sort," the same journal goes
on to say, in allusion to the stage- feats of other strongmen
exhibitors, " speak for themselves, and appeal far more effect-
ively to the admiring astonishment of the beholder than the
snapping of chains or the bending and twisting of metal rods
exhibitions which many people observe with a haunting
distrust in their perfect authenticity, and a feeling that there
is more of trick or ' knack ' than of downright physical
prowess in them."

Sandow came to London, however, to win a wager, not
specially to be written about or merely looked at. As we
have said, he had heard of Samson's challenge, on behalf of
Cyclops, and he came to see, and if possible rival, the feats of
this strongman and pocket the stake which Samson nightly
made a show of putting up. For some weeks, Samson had
been giving exhibitions in the London Aquarium, under the
boastful designation of "the strongest man on earth," and
lately he had associated with himself a pupil, whom he styled
Cyclops. We owe to a London journal the following descrip-
tion of master and pupil. "Samson," says this authority,
"who is about thirty years old, was born at Baden (other
biographers speak of him as an Alsatian), and for a long time
he has travelled through Europe and America, exhibiting
feats of strength, breaking thick chains with blows of his
wrist, and twisting stout steel ropes by the mere muscular
expansion of his chest and his arms. From the pictures of
him which are exhibited throughout London one would be

45

apt to think that he is a giant in proportions and formidable
in appearance. Decked in war-paint he certainly looks a per-
sonage undesirable to tackle, but seen in his every-day gar-
ments faultlessly cut and of superlative fit he might easily
be taken for a debonair attache in Her Majesty's diplomatic
service, more accustomed to dance attendance at levees than
to work for chainsmiths by breaking steel links across his
breast. Cyclops, who when at home rejoices in the humble
patronymic of Franz, is nineteen years old, and hails from
the good old town of Hamburg, where he worked as a black-
smith, until he came over to England to earn fame and 10
a week as Samson's pupil. In stature he is far beyond his
master. Huge in frame, fat and bull-necked, with a good-
humoured, expressionless face, he appears to have found the
exact vocation nature designed him for, in lifting huge
weights above his head and swinging ponderous dumb-bells
around his body as if they were children's toys. "

These were the two men against whom Sandow had come to
London to pit himself, and in entering the lists against them
he was to bring both them and himself into fame. On the
evening of the day on which Sandow and his friend Atilla
reached London, they duly presented themselves at the West-
minster Aquarium and took note of the feats ostentatiously
performed by Samson and his pupil. So easy of accomplish-
ment did the whole performance appear to Sandow, that he
was with difficulty restrained from at once taking up the even-
ing's challenge. Next night found Atilla and Sandow again
in their places, accompanied by the latter's agent, Mr. Albert
Fleming. When Samson appeared, and, as was his wont,
offered a 100 note to any one present who should do the feats
of strength about to be performed by Cyclops, Atilla took up
the gage of battle for Sandow, who himself presently came
upon the stage, and, as a local chronicler has it, naively asked
if the money, were it won by an outsider, would be paid over

46

on the spot. The wary young athlete was soon assured on
this point. Flor at this juncture the 100 note was produced
by Samson and, amid the applause of an expectant multitude,
ras handed to the chairman of the Aquarium Company,
i'his gentleman was Captain Molesworth, who sat in a private
>x, near by the stage, and agreed to act as referee.
Sandow's unexpected appearance on the platform was a sur-
mise to Samson, who had grown accustomed to make his
lightly challenge without fear of loss to his pocket, though
le youth's presence had a decidedly stimulating effect on the
ludience. This effect was increased when it became evident
that the newcomer was no novice in the strongman's art, and
could do, not only the feats Cyclops was wont nightly to per-
form, but rival him in the more difficult tasks his master,
under pressure of the situation, had set him to do. But this
will be best gathered from a detailed account of what occurred,
though in planning how best to furnish this we were con-
fronted with an embarrassing dilemma. Our first thought
was to tell the story, as modestly as possible, in our own
words. The evening's incidents, however, were so exciting,
and led to so much altercation, that, on reflection, we decided
to abandon our purpose and let another tell the tale, who
would not be suspected of partizanship, and in whose dispas-
sionate judgment the reader might have confidence. If our
own fairness can be relied upon, we would venture to say,
that in selecting the report of the London Sportsman (see
issue of Oct. 30, 1889), we have drawn not only upon an
admittedly high authority, but upon a journal whose account is
distinguished, over that of many of its compeers, by truthful-
ness and moderation. We add that, for obvious reasons, we
give the report entire, and not any garbled extracts from it.

" FEATS OF STRENGTH AT THE AQUARIUM SAMSON' S PUPIL DEFEATED.

" SAMSON, who has been drawing excellent houses in the theatre at

47

the Aquarium, had an extra good attendance last evening. Some-
how a rumor, circulated in sporting circles, led to the conclusion that
the performance of 'the strongest man in the world' and his pupil
would be embellished by an unrehearsed effort worthy of the atten-
tion of all amateurs of feats of strength. Samson has been issuing
challenges nightly, offering sums of money to any one who would
undertake to perform the same feats of strength as his pupil, Cyclops,
who lifts dumb-bells and heavy weights with comparative ease.
The fame of Cyclops has spread, and the offers made by Samson have
apparently not fallen on a deaf ear, for last evening, at the commence-
ment of the performance, an amateur in evening dress, presented by
a friend, took up the gage, and, divesting himself of his upper gar-
ments, stood out the beau ideal of an athlete. Herr Eugene Sandow,
a young amateur from Konigsberg, in Pomerania, of twenty-two years
of age, a friend of Professor Atilla, well known in Germany, France,
and England, for the successes he has obtained in his particular line of
business, professed his willingness to imitate the feats performed by
the pupil of Samson. Herr Sandow had come expressly from Ven-
ice, not to detract from the performance which has been carried on
so successfully at the Aquarium, but to prove what a strong man is,
and to take up the defiance which has been issued. He is an im-
mensely powerful young fellow, weighing 14 stone, 61b., with a
chest measurement of 45 inches, something enormous for his age.
His muscles stand out like iron bands, and those who saw him when
he removed his dress-coat and vest felt certain that Cyclops would
find a foeman worthy of his steel. Herr Sandow has never before
competed in public, but as an amateur he has won fame in Italy,
Holland, Belgium, Russia, Switzerland, Austria, and France. In
the first-named country he met three of the best wrestlers, and
let them all come on at the same time, treating them as some modern
Samson, and vanquished them easily. The tutor of Cyclops deter-
mined that the novice should have no easy task, and after posting the
hundred pounds in the hands of Captain Molesworth, the manager of
the Aquarium, he varied the programme so as to tax not only
the strength of his pupil, but that of Herr Sandow, to the very
utmost.

48

" Cyclops, notwithstanding the disapprobation manifested by the
audience at the departure from the usual programme, took up 50 Ibs.
with his left hand and then lifted up another hundredweight with
liis right, elevating his arm until it was raised above his head. His
Dpponent stepped to the weights, and amid loud applause carried the

lundredweight twice above his head, outrivalling his predecessor,
next performance was with the heavy dumb-bells, and this be-

ig successfully done by the novice, some of the audience pretended
it he had won. Cyclops, lying on the ground, raised the heavier

lumb-bell at arm's length, and this feat was repeated amid renewed
ipplause by Herr Sandow. Samson did not appear to relish the
Dutlook, and instead of the ordinary block of stone, which weighs
100 Ibs,. and has to be raised with one finger, extra weights were put
on it, until Cyclops fairly staggered beneath the load. An outcry

ras raised at this further departure from the programme, and some
)f the audience exclaimed that the feat had been performed for the
st time. There was a good deal of quibbling as to whether the
shallenge thrown out by Samson really meant that any one accept-

ig should be compelled to outrival Cyclops in feats of strength, or

lerely implied that the usual performance should be gone through.
When silence was restored, Herr Sandow implied his willingness to
do what, his opponent had done, and he was cheered to the echo
when he repeated the feat, which was accomplished with far more
3ase by him. Cries and counter-cries were heard, and a soldier

lade himself conspicuous in the gallery by the animated manner in

rhicli he took the part of the newcomer, and by taunting Samson

rith having lost his money. Samson, with difficulty, managed to
)btain a hearing, explaining that the hundred pounds he had offered

3uld only be claimed by a man who could do all that Cyclops had
lone, and not what had been accomplished on any previous night.
He said that he had ten more tricks for his pupil to perform, and
that they must be successfully imitated by any one pretending to the

loney deposited hi the hands of the stakeholder. This version of
the offer made at the commencement of the proceedings was not ac-
cepted by the majority of the spectators, who were of opinion that,
the newcomer had done all, if not more, than had been required ol

49

him. The scene became more and more animated, and ITerr San-
dow sat down to rest while each party strove in vain to get a hear-
ing ; and Samson's attempts to address the public were met by cries
of ' No more performances ' ! * No more tricks ' ! ' Part ! ' The tu-
mult was stilled when Captain Molesworth, who was seated in one
of the private boxes, asked for a hearing, saying that he was stake-
holder, and that the public might accept that statement as a guar-
antee that he would see fair play, and only give the money when it
was won.

" Samson failed to relish the comments of the audience and lost
his temper, while the life-guardsman in the gallery called on the
amateur not to attempt any other performance. In vain 'the
strongest man ' strove to prolong the agony, but the more he did so,
the more hostile became the audience, and finally Mr. Frank Hinde,
who evidently has the ear of the habitues of the Aquarium, went to
the rescue, obtaining silence for Captain Molesworth, who said that
he had decided that thus far the amateur had fairly accomplished
all that had been asked of him. As referee he called on Samson to
name any two feats which he considered were the best to prove the
superiority of his pupil, intimating his intention of handing the
100 over to Herr Sandow should he succeed in successfully imi-
tating them. After another scene, Cyclops' impresario consented
that the two feats should be named, although he argued that the last
performance of his pupil had not been gone through by the man
who had taken up his challenge. The first trial of strength pro-
posed was imitated with apparent ease by Herr Sandow, and then
Cyclops, girding up his loins for a final attempt, staggered under the
heavy 1501b. dumb-bell, while, with a hundredweight in the left
hand, he elevated his arm twice above his head, letting the weight
fall with a thud on the stage. Shouts of don't do it ; Don't try it ;
you have already' won your money ! ' greeted the young Konigs-
berger as he stepped forward and felt the weight of the heavy
dumb-bell. He smiled in response to the warnings, and poising the
ponderous bell in the right hand he grasped the other weight, and,
bending his left arm, slowly raised and lowered it, not twice but
seven times, amid thunders of applause.

50

" Samson again lost his temper, but there was no appeal against
the decision of the referee, who had the hundred pounds handed
over. He attempted to persuade the public that his challenge had
been misunderstood, but his explanations were laughed to scorn, and
even Professor Atilla, who mounted the platform, failed to obtain a
hearing. Samson again offered 100 to Herr Sandow if on Satur-
day night next, on the same stage and place, he would perform all
the feats attempted by Cyclops, and again the challenge was ac-
cepted. The young Konigsberger very wisely listened to the advice
of his friends, and refrained from taking up the gage thrown down
by Samson, who defied him then and there to go through his par-
ticular performance of chain- snapping, breaking wire cables, etc.,
but he professed his willingness to demolish two steel chains with
his naked fist if Samson would give the 500 he had been accus-
tomed to offer any one who could imitate the feat he accomplishes
nightly with his gloved hand. An explanation was volunteered
that the 500 would become the property of Herr Sandow if on Sat-
urday night he would perform the same feats as the challenger.
This offer was accepted ; the wire strands were examined as Sam-
son burst them asunder by inflating his chest, and also the chains,
which were snapped by a violent effort of the muscles of his right
arm. The great trial of strength will therefore take place in the
theatre of the Aquarium on Saturday evening next. Samson has
not disguised his intention of struggling to maintain his reputation
as ' the strongest man in the world,' and the meeting will be an ex-
citing one, although Herr Sandow has set himself a task in under-
taking to outrival master and pupil in one and the same perform-
ance."

Such, in detail, are the incidents of the evening's lively com-
petition ; yet, severe as the test was, the honours were un-
questionably Sandow's. After Samson's exhibition of petu-
lance on the stage, it will little surprise the reader to learn
that that redoubtable angrily repudiated his discomfiture.
His pupil, after Sandow, figuratively speaking, had put his
Cyclopean eye out, is related to have "burst into tears and

51

wept like a child." Neither of these things, however, detracts
from the fairness of the young Konigsberger's victory or
alters the emphatic results of the challenge. Samson, naturally,
had many admirers, drawn to him by his feats and long en-
gagement at the Aquarium, and, of course, it was possible for
him, through his friends, to try to turn defeat into a victory
and create sympathy for himself by posing as the victim of
the judge's decision. Like his Biblical prototype, he set fire
to the foxes' tails of his pupil's and his own discomfiture, and
sent them running through the Sandow-Philistines' corn. All
this little helped the defeated strongman, however, except as
he shared later in the results of the increased attractions of
the Aquarium, consequent upon the coming of Sandow and
his embarrassing acceptance of Samson's challenge. This, in-
deed, was no slight aid, for it would be difficult to overstate
the furor throughout London occasioned by the public shear-
ing of Samson, by the male-Delilah who had so dauntlessly
appeared on the scene."

Into almost every nook and corner of the great city had
news entered of the battle of the giants, and public excitement
rose to fever-heat in anticipation of the greater contest, to be
settled on the following Saturday evening. The subject, for
the time, indeed dwarfed every other topic of local and even
international importance, including the Parnell Commission,
then sitting ; while the Press found in it prolific themes of
interesting comment and, among the journalistic wits, amus-
ing reflection. One of the latter, a writer in the Glasgow
Herald, made sport of the affair by affecting to bewail the
public loss of its most cherished allusions the taking upon
trust the claim of the idol showman to be bigger, smaller, or
fatter than the rest of us which turns out, after test, to be
disenchantment. "It is painful to hear," observes the
writer, " that Samson, 'the strongest man on earth,' has been
subjected to destructive criticism, as if he were an historical

myth like William Tell's apple, Richard the Third's hump, or
Cambronne's defiance at Waterloo. . . . The appearance
of a second strongest man on earth or the equal at least of
the strongest man's second on the same stage as the first is
disheartening, and it seems not improbable that any number
of these superlatives may be forthcoming. A young man,
who as far as physique is concerned was not to be compared
with either Samson or his pupil, Mr. Frank Cyclops, seems to
have lifted weights and performed other feats with a facility
which astonished and delighted the audience. The stranger
also won a 100 note, which had been boldly wagered by
Samson in support of his declaration that nobody was strong
enough to earn it. The 100 note was a financial detail. The
stranger who won it from M. Samson seems to have earned it
fairly and squarely, and he now probably appreciates the
theory recently discovered by a distinguished prelate that bet-
ting is not a sheer loss of money to the man who wins. The
principal part of the whole business is the loss of another of
our illusions. M. Samson, who appears to hail from Alsace,
ought not to have walked into a trap of his own setting. It
did not matter what country gave him birth so long as he was
a permanent ideal to those people who never expect to handle
500 Ib. weights to look up to.

53

DEFEATS SAMSON AT THE WESTMINSTER
AQITAEIUM.

THE evening of Saturday, Nov. 2d, 1889, proved another
red-letter night in Sandow's phenomenal* career. The contest,
as we have seen, had been eagerly looked forward to in almost
all circles in the metropolis, certainly in all circles interested
in athletic sports. Hardly anything, indeed, could more em-
phasize the love for athletics in the English nation than the
interest manifested in this contest, between Sandow and Sam-
son. " If the fate of the Empire," observes a London journal-
ist of the period, "had hung in the balance, more keenness in
the coming match could not have been shown." Looking
back now upon it, it is no doubt to be regretted that the results
of the encounter were not more satisfactory ; though it may
fairly be asserted that Mr. Sandow, at least, was in no way

54

responsible for that. The terms of the challenge were ad-
mittedly loose, and the conditions, if they were drawn up at
all, can hardly be said to have been acted upon when the con-
test came off. It may matter little now ; but the unbiased
reader will be apt to say, as very probably was said at the time,
that if the comparative strength of the two contestants was
worth determining, it should have been determined con-
clusively and on a proper basis. There should have been no
room either for shuffling or display of temper ; while both
athletes ought to have been tried by the same tests, and the
genuineness of the tests vouched for beyond suspicion or perad-
venture. To omit the guarantees of good faith in a contest
of such moment, was to discredit whatever was legitimate in
the performance. Nor were the issues of the contest helped
when the challenger, hugging his resentment, refused to ' give
a lead ' or to attempt the feats performed by his opponent.
Under the circumstances, it is not surprising that Fate and
the audience of the evening went against him.

But we are anticipating, and, moreover, in danger of giv-
ing a colour to the story we have to relate, which we would
fain avoid. Lest we should do so, we will, with the reader's
permission, follow the plan adopted in the previous chapter,
of giving an account of the evening's incidents as supplied by
the contemporary press, selecting, as dispassionately as possible,
a narrative which shall tell the facts as they happened, with-
out prejudice or exaggeration. To vary the representation of
the London journals quoted in these pages, we will, on the
present occasion, draw upon the Daily News' report, which we
append as follows:

" STRONG MEN IN RIVALRY AN UPROARIOUS NIGHT AT THE AQUARIUM.

" Athletics had an exciting, not to say uproarious, field-night on
Saturday at the Westminster Aquarium. The beauty of the turn-

55

stile system was well illustrated, for without these revolving bar-
riers of iron the eager multitude would probably have carried the
place by storm. The rival athletes, Samson, the Alsatian, and San-
dow, the German, gave a public trial of strength, with the object
of proving which was ' the strongest man on earth.' That was the
promised -bill of fare. The theatre was crowded, many of the seats
having, according to rumour, fetched sums varying from one to five
pounds. With two or three somewhat conspicuous examples the
audience was one of men gentlemen, many of them, of position (as
for example, Lord Bury, who sat in one of the stalls), shining lights
from the Pelican Club, sporting men from the Stock Exchange, be-
sides Mr. John Hollingshead, Mr. Edgar Bruce, Mr. Kyrle Bellew,
Lieutenant Dan Godfrey, and Colonel North. The tobacco smoke,
gradually rising like incense on high, became thick enough to dis-
sect before the curtain rose ; but you could make out quite clearly
that the theatre was packed with a very fair specimen of athletic
humanity, men who could give a literally striking account of them-
selves in a scrimmage. Samson came to the footlights, dapper,
radiant in medals, tights, and dainty boots, and smiling with con-
fidence. He made a little speech, the first of an unconscionable
series delivered or attempted before the business ended. He wanted
fair play ; he offered 500 to any one who would come on the stage
and perform the feats he performed. Never mind where such a
man came from ; let him appear. There was no response, only a
babel of cries from the audience. By and by a gentleman, not un-
known in the prize ring, advanced to the footlights, stretched forth
his hand, and said, ' Sandow is not far off. He is in a room.' Mean-
while Samson, after a considerable pause, made signs of beginning ;
but upon cries for ' Sandow,' put on his cloak, and strutted back-
wards and forwards on the boards. He again came forward to say
that he did not want the challenge money ; he would give it to any
hospital ; and there was a very pretty hubbub thus early in pit and
gallery. With a fine flourish, the Samsonian cloak was now assumed
the wearer explaining that there was too much draught ; he did not
want to kill himself ; he would retire to abide events in his dressing-
room. The next commotion was caused by a number of gentlemen

56

reaching the stage by flying leaps from a side-box, sweating and
touzled after fighting their way through a frenzied mob in the
crowded hall outside.

"At last Sandow entered, amidst general cheering; Captain
Molesworth, apologizing for the delay caused by the besieged state
of the building and its approaches, announced that the Marquis of
Queensberry and Lord de Clifford had consented to act as judges,
and asked for fair play for the competitors. The two men were in
the centre of the stage. Samson, in his gay athletic costume, Sandow
in a plain, pink, sleeveless under- vest, and black trousers encircled
by a leather belt. Neither of the men is of more than medium
height, but their arms were a rare spectacle, by reason of masses of
muscle brought by practice to the hardness of metal. Sandow,
however, has the more spacious chest and largest arms, and a con-
noisseur would probably fancy him as best for a trial of sheer
strength. We had soon to hear the programme, as explained by
Captain Molesworth. This was to be a continuation of a trial of
the previous Tuesday, when Samson had to pay 100 won from his
pupil, Cyclops, to Sandow, and when Samson offered 500 if San-
dow could perform his feats. Upon this statement being made,
Samson came forward to protest, and an interval of uproar ensued.
Captain Molesworth begged the audience to hear Samson, who was
of Southern temperament and excitable. Thus adjured, the crowd
were silent until Samson insisted that his challenge was for 500.
against the same sum. If that amount was not forthcoming, let it
be 100 against 100. Another swell of clamour followed, Samson
excitedly declaring, ' If he wins, he takes my name. I leave the
stage. If he loses, I give the money to an hospital.' Captain Moles-
rorth said that he should be sorry to see the audience disappointed,
md therefore he undertook, in the name of the Royal Aquarium
Company, that 100 should be placed against Samson's 500.
Crowding to the front, Samson now insisted that he offered noth-
ig of the kind, asked for fair play, and remarked that he would be
taken for a fool to offer 500 against 100. At last it was settled
that it was to be 100 against 100, and in course of time Samson
threw down a number of lengths of what appeared to be iron gas-

57

piping, and left them to carry on further disputation with the judges.
Sandow stood back, his tremendous arms folded upon his broad
chest, his clean-cut head, covered with short, close curls, held
straight upon a Titanic neck; altogether a model for the statue
that he seemed to be.

" A beginning might never have been made but for the judges, who
decided that Samson must do the feats of strength he was in the
habit of doing every night. This decided action on the part of the
Marquis of Queensberry and Lord de Clifford evoked from a well-
known wit in the front stalls the remark, ' Ah, I always said the
House of Lords was a useful institution.' The first feat was with
one of the iron pipes. Samson belaboured himself upon the chest,
leg, and arms, bending it and straightening it back again by the
blows. He did it gracefully and swiftly. Sandow laboured more,
was clumsy, and took more time, but he performed the feat. After
the inevitable discussion raised by Samson on the stage and a tumult
amongst the audience, who, apparently, were by this time largely on
the side of the phlegmatic German, Captain Molesworth stated that
Sandow wished it to be known that he had never done the trick
in his life before. Samson darted to the front and dashed into a
speech that was drowned in uproar, save the one sentence, ' Why, he
did it six years ago.' Next came a prolonged squabble about a strap
trick, which the judges decided Sandow was not called upon to imi-
tate. Then there was a feat of breaking a wire rope fastened round
the chest. Samson performed it with the neatness of one accus-
tomed to the trick of twisting the ends of the wire strands together.
Sandow was obviously unacquainted with the knack, and it AV;IS
only after prompting from the audience as to the twisting, and sev-
eral fruitless efforts, that he succeeded. It was a splendid effort of
strength. The man seemed like to burst in his effort to obtain the
requisite expansion of chest, and when the iron rope burst asunder,
like the withes of the Philistines around the limbs of the original
Samson, the audience leaped to their feet, and shook the place with
deafening cheers. The next thing was a contention and uproar
about some bottle trick of Samson's not sanctioned by the judges ;
then chain bracelets were brought forward. Samson, always

58

theatrical, put one set on his forearm, and offered one to Sandow.
It was too small for such an arm, and he rejected it with a slight
gesture of contempt. There seemed to be a hitch here. As the
chain ring which fitted Samson would not go on Sandow's arm, how
would the House of Lords get out of the difficulty ? For once San-
dow abandoned his statuesque attitude. To the astonishment of all
he whipped out from his trouser-pocket an armlet of his own, and it
was then necessary to wait until the audience had bawled them-
selves out. The proof of equality with an emergency was another
feather in Sandow's cap. The unfortunate Samson protested, gestic-
ulated, argued, trod the deck, and generally cavorted around.
Another appeal to the House of Lords was a matter of course. At
last the rivals put on their chains and smashed them by sheer
expansion of muscle, the one as cleverly as the other. Samson
snatched up the fragments of Sandow's armlet and ran about shak-
ing them derisively, asserting that they were not of the same
material. A gentleman in the audience, however, handed up an
invoice from a Leicester Square firm certifying that they had sup-
plied to Sandow one dozen yards of jack chain, the same as used
by Samson. It was a long while before order could be restored, the
incident apparently being regarded by the audience as a clincher.

" Enter Samson a little later, to hurl a heap of chain upon the
stage, and shout ' I give him 1,000 if he breaks it.' Furious yells
rent the smoky atmosphere. Samson donned the everlasting toga,
and palaver the hundred-and-twentieth, or thereabouts, reminded
the judges that their post was no sinecure. It was as good as a game
to note the contrast between the quicksilvery Alsatian here, there,
and everywhere, and the stolid German, with folded arms and lips
closed like a trap, standing a motionless sentinel in the background.
By and by Samson broke a piece off a chain, Captain Molesworth
(not by any means for the first time during the evening) interceding
with the audience not to disturb him by their interruptions. Samson
himself shouted ' I have not had fair play at all,' an ill-timed remark
which filled the cup of disfavour to the brim. There were at this
time many demands from the gallery for a trial of lifting weights, but
no notice was taken of them. Other propositions were made, amidst

59

much talkee talkee on the stage, without avail. Samson's cloak was
now off, and now on, and a more than usually tiresome consultation
was ended by Captain Moles worth stating that the judges had
decided that as Mr. Samson would not give a lead, Mr. Sandow
might perform some feats of his own. The young German accord-
ingly lifted a stiffened and upright man from the ground, and per-
formed some astonishing feats with a Brobdignagian dumb-bell,
weighing 150 Ibs. Some of the feats Samson, from the side of the
stage, applauded as heartily as any one ; but he raised another hurri-
cane by the prelude of an attempted speech. ' I give Mr. Sandow
credit,' he said, 'for his strength. I knew Mr. Sandow a long

time ' The audience effectually prevented the conclusion of the

sentence. Sandow went on with his feats, and Samson made a rush
at a chain which he and his assistants were manipulating, and tried
to drag it away. Foiled in the attempt, he rushed about the stage
shouting 'It is his own material.' The tempest was not allayed
when a gentleman in the stall offered Samson 50 if he would do
what Sandow had done with the dumb-bell, and Sandow's manager
publicly challenged him to the same test. The challenge was not
accepted. Midnight was by this time approaching, and Captain
Molesworth virtually closed the programme by announcing, amidst
general cheering, that the judges had decided that Sandow had done
everything that Samson had done. The audience gave the victo-
rious man an ovation, and it was then observed that Samson had
disappeared from the stage. Special cheers were given for the
judges and for Captain Molesworth, and there were calls for the
rival gladiators to publicly shake hands. Samson, however, was
seen no more ; but Sandow, in a few words of German, returned
thanks."

The honours of this second public trial of strength, the reader
will agree with us, were, beyond question, again Sandow's.
We repeat, it is a pity that the results of the contest were not
more satisfactory ; though it cannot be said that the aggrieved
Samson was in any sense wronged or failed to receive British

60

fair play. Throughout the evening's performance the injured
manner and irate mood of the man were much against him ;
while it was easy to see, from the contrast in the bearing of
his opponent, as well as from his unquestioned prowess, why
the audience was demonstratively in the latter's favour. An-
other point of obvious regret was the absence of a well-
arranged and agreed-upon programme, and of the sureties, as
to the bona fides of the feats to be severally performed, which
ought to have been provided for in the preliminaries. As
matters turned out, Sandow, though he undoubtedly won
Samson's challenge, was not paid over the wager (nor has it
been paid to this day), while the latter carried his wrangling
from the stage to the Press, and, for a time, made what
capital he could by posing in public as a martyr. On this

)int, and on that of the relative merits of the two athletes'
feats of strength, let us quote a provincial journal, which,
two days after the contest, published the following sensible
view of the affair. Says the Birmingham Gazette (Nov. 5,
1889) : " Samson is still unsatisfied. He is too good a sports-
man not to acknowledge that he has met a formidable an-
tagonist, but he declares that he has not been allowed to put
him to the test for which he, Samson, stipulated. The point
which the public with collective common-sense has seized upon,
is that Samson has been proclaiming himself ' the strongest

lan on earth.' Now the question arises ; How can that mat-
ter be determined ? Is it by lifting weights, by breaking chains
and rods, by any of the various forms of physical endurance
such as standing on one leg, or by any other device or means
that we can put the matter to proof ? Samson insists upon the
contests being those more or less tricky ones with which he
has made the public familiar. But these do not satisfy the
public, who much prefer the simpler kinds of tests, such as
weight-lifting and dumb-bell exercises.

" Upon the latter basis Sandow has unquestionably won the

61

challenge fairly. It seems a pity that the difficulties cannot
be solved by some such plan as the independent establishment
of a series of tests by a competent authority, to which both
men shall submit. Nothing creates so unpleasant a feeling
among the British public as any suspicion of unfair play, and
Samson may rely upon it that public spirit will support him
in every effort he makes to obtain a fair trial. Something
more will be wanted, however, than his suggested feat of snap-
ping a chain. Obviously that is much too tricky a perform-
ance to be accepted as a test of strength."

That Mr. Sandow was only too well aware of the unsatis-
factory issues of his match with Mr. Samson, and eager to
put the strength of each competitor to a proper test, is clear
from his ready acceptance of a new challenge, which Samson
had issued on the night of the contest. Samson's challenge
was affixed to a rather rambling setting- forth of his so-called
grievances, and to a correction, which he seemed to think
necessary, of misstatements (sic) respecting the late match
appearing in the Press. Explicit, as well as reasonable, as are
the terms of the proposed match which Mr. Sandow, through
his agent, expressed his willingness to consent to, nothing
came of it. Here, however, is the letter, which was addressed
to the editor of the Sportsman and published in the issue of
that journal for Nov. 6th.

" To the Editor of the Sportsman, Sir : With reference to
the challenge published in your paper on Monday to the effect
that Mr. Samson is willing to stake 5,000, to Mr. Sandow's
500, if Mr. Sandow can break on his arm chains to be pro-
duced by Mr. Samson, I, on behalf of Mr. Sandow (the van-
quisher of Cyclops and Samson), wish to say that he will ac-
cept this challenge on the following conditions : 1. That the
chains shall be selected by a jury of three gentlemen, to be
named by the editor of any influential newspaper. 2. That
the chains selected shall be made to fit the arm of each com-

62

petitor, shall be bought, packed, and sealed by the jury, the
seals to be broken on the stage in front of the audience. 3.
That before the contest takes place all financial transactions
connected with the competition of last Saturday night shall be
satisfactorily settled, according to the decision of the judges
on that occasion. 4. That in the event of neither Mr. San-
low nor Mr. Samson succeeding in breaking the chains so pro-
duced on the stage before the jury, then Mr. Sandow shall name
six bonafide feats of strength which he is prepared to go
through, and if Mr. Samson succeeds in doing three of these
feats, then Mr. Sandow will repay him the 500, which he
ron from him on Saturday night.

" Yours, etc.,

"ALBERT FLEMING,
"Manager for Mr. Sandow.
" LONDON, Nov. 5."

Though nothing, as we have said, came of this further
match, interest in the competitors by no means flagged.
Great, indeed, was the strongman "boom " at the Aquarium,
where Mr. Samson continued his now well-advertised perform-
mces, and especially at the Alhambra, which had secured
Mr. Sandow for a lengthened engagement. The drawing
qualities of the latter were, we need hardly say, most con-
spicuous, including not only all athletic and would-be athletic
London, but royalty, also, and the flower of the nobility, plus
the 61ite of Mayfair and Belgravia. Royalty was represented
by H. K. H. the Prince of Wales and H. E. H. the Duke of
Edinburgh, both of whom, we learn from the Press of the
period, were interested spectators at Mr. Sandow's exhibitions.
The former paid Mr. Sandow the compliment of a visit to his
robing-room and asked to possess his photograph, while the
latter was equally enthusiastic and exchanged gifts with the

renowned athlete.

63

The Press, it is pleasant to state, maintained unabated
interest in the performances of the young Prussian athlete,
and ably seconded his efforts to disseminate intelligent views
on the subject of physical education and the perfect develop-
ment of the human form. This was an important service, as
Mr. Sandow was now devoting his leisure, in addition to his
Alhambra duties, to giving lessons on muscular training.
Gratifying, consequently, was this appreciation on the part
of the Press, for it will be understood that Mr. Sandow con^
siders his exhibitions a very minor though onerous function,
in comparison with the interest he feels in athletics in their
relation to * bodily health and the physical equipment of the
race. One of the newspaper comments to which we have re-
ferred, and in which the great athlete heartily coincided, was
the remark of an editor, given currency to in his journal, to
the effect, "that it was singular that while a fine physique is
constantly proving to be as much an object of admiration
as it ever was in England, the simple and easy means of se-
curing that advantage to every man, in degree, should not
be more generally cultivated." The remark applies with like
force to the New World, and is pertinent to the condition of
things that obtain here, in the neglected matter of physical
training.

VIII.

SANDOW IN SCOTLAND AND AT THE CENTRES OF
INDUSTRIAL ENGLAND.

IN the Press, the " War of the Titans," as the journalists
loved to call the Samson-Sandow contest, was still being
fought over and stimulated, to an extraordinary degree, the
great London market for the display of Herculean wares.
Sandow's exhibitions at the Alhambra, in which he was pro-
fessionally assisted by his old friend, M. Atilla, continued
nightly to crowd the house to the doors, and to extort un-
bounded, even extravagant, applause from the audience. The
fame of the lionised athlete also brought him within the
region of art, comic as well as serious, for Sandow's name was-
in the mouth of all London,' and his feats were made material
for travesty by the illustrated Press, in connection with the
Parliamentary chiefs of the time and their respective sayings
and doings. Perhaps the most amusing of these burlesques

65

was the St. Stephen's Review cartoon, which represented Mr.
Gladstone and Mr. Balfour, in athlete garb, rivalling each
other, in elevating over their heads heavy dumb-bells labelled
the "Irish Question." But serious art did not withhold its
tribute, for Sandow was made an artistic study of in pho-
tography at the atelier of Mr. Van der Weyde, who desired,
as he expressed it, to place before the public " a living Greek
statue," taking the splendidly developed athlete as his model.
The painting by Mr. Aubrey Hunt, R.A., representing Mr.
Sandow as a gladiator in an arena at Rome, was a further
tribute to the young Konigsberger's fame. The well-poised
small head, close curls, broad shoulders, and sinewy arms are
displayed to capital advantage in this striking and finely-
painted picture from Mr. Hunt's easel. In it, the great
athlete stands, lightly clad in a tiger-skin and sandals, in the
centre of an immense arena, the indistinct mass of gaily-
dressed spectators forming an artistic background to the
picture.

Mr. Sandow was now to make his bow to the athlete-loving
people of the English Provinces, and there, for a brief space,
let us follow him, for the fashion of London was to become
the vogue also in the great centres of England's industries.
Before setting out, however, let us record the incidents of an
evening's exhibition at the Alhambra, for, so far, we have seen
the invincible in competition only with his would-be rivals.
To the Sporting Life, of Nov. 19th, we are indebted for the
following introductory and chronicle :

" SANDOW AT THE ALHAMBKA.

" There are few things," says the Sporting Life reporter, " which
excite an Englishman's admiration more than an act that requires
a deal of nerve in its fulfilment. Any act of intrepidity, daring,
or physical strength will elicit unstinted applause from the average

66

Briton, whose boast is that his games are open to all comers, neither
country nor colour barred, and although he is beaten oft-times, all his
opponents receive fair play. It will be fresh in the minds of our
readers how the modern Samson offered 100 to any one who would
perform the feats of strength performed by his pupil Cyclops, and
500 to any one who could perform the feats that he had been show-
ing daily at the Royal Aquarium, Westminster. How unexpectedly,
one evening a sturdy young fellow lightly stepped on the stage, ac-
cepted the offer of 100, wielded the heavy weights about as if they
were playthings, and claimed the offered ' century.' Having van-
quished the pupil, he volunteered to beat the master, and this he also
accomplished in such a quiet and unassuming manner that the con-
queror of Samson (as Professor Atilla delights in calling him) can-
not but fail to command admiration as a man of extraordinary
strength and physical development. In all countries and at all times
there have been men of great strength, some of them possessing a
muscular power so far beyond belief that one cannot help thinking
that some exaggeration must have cropped up in the records handed
down to us of their doings. But after seeing a display of bodily
strength similar to the display given last evening by Sandow at the
Alhambra, one becomes reconciled to the doings of these wonderful
athletes. To revert to the doings of Sandow and Atilla last night.
Directly the number was hoisted the audience commenced clapping.
Professor Atilla was the first to occupy the stage, wielding 56 Ib.
weights and holding 112 Ibs. up with one arm. Then he wielded a bar
of steel weighing 90 Ibs., and finished with balancing it on his chin.
After wielding a dumb-bell of 150 Ibs. he bent backward over a chair,
and, returning, brought the 150 Ib. dumb-bell with him a very credit-
able feat of strength which the audience applauded. Then Herr San-
dow tripped lightly on the stage, attired in pink tights, a blue vest, and
his breast covered with medals. His coming was greeted with pro-
longed cheers. He commenced his entertainment by posing and
then, putting both hands at the back of his head, moved his biceps in
a marvellous manner. Catching up the 150 Ib. dumb-bell, he moves
slowly and gracefully with it, apparently without an effort, turns
somersaults, and makes a mere plaything of this dumb-bell. Then,

67

by way of varying the entertainment, he lifts an attendant, weigh-
ing 10 stone, about from side to side, and wonderfully holds him up
above his head with one arm. He then picks up a larger dumb-
bell, weighing 300 Ibs. and raises it up twice with one hand. Sitting
down on the stage, a board is rested on his knees and shoulders, and
every available weight on the stage is placed upon it. As the last
straw, Professor Atilla jumped on with a club, and the curtain fell
amidst tremendous cheers. Upon being recalled, the Professor and
Sandow playfully threw the 150 Ib. bell backwards and forwards to
each other and retired, but were again recalled before the curtain.
C. A. Samson and Cyclops were interested spectators, but Sandow's
performances are purely feats of strength. He neither breaks chains
nor wires, but confines himself to weight-lifting only the entertain-
ment being a most marvellous exhibition."

As a pendant to this, we may be suffered to quote a per-
sonal portrait of Mr. Sandow, from a Liverpool paper of a
little later period. "The refined manner," says the report,
" in which Sandow goes through his performance is not un-
derstood except by those who have seen him. In appearance,
the athlete is not by any means the ponderous being that is
imagined. There is a conspicuous absence of the brutal pro-
portions supposed to accompany muscular power, Sandow
possessing one of the most symmetrical figures it is possible
for the developed male to be endowed with. He is positively
handsome in form, feature, face, and limb, the only propor-
tion appearing somewhat out of balance being the enormous
muscular development from shoulder to wrist, his arms seem-
ing to have been hewn out of marble. The athlete's manner,
moreover, is gracious and pleasing. He is the beau-ideal of
athletic elegance ; he is not a big man, being of average size,
though lithe and rapid in action and movement. Nor is there
any painful exertion in his manipulations : on the contrary,
he maintains a serene, calm, and easy demeanour throughout
his arduous performance."

Mr. Sandow's tour of the Provinces, accompanied by Pro-

68

lessor Atilla, extended from February till May, 1890, and
>vered visits to the following and other towns Bristol,
Bradford, Nottingham, Manchester, Sheffield, Leeds, Halifax,
Huddersfield, Boston, Preston, Liverpool, Hull, Newcastle,
York, Chester, Lancaster, Rochdale, and Derby. Everywhere
a hearty reception awaited the now famous athlete, who
astonished as well as delighted his audiences by his deft skill
and prodigious strength. In some of the larger cities, such
as Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool, the interest in
athletics was manifestly quickened by the exhibition of Mr.
Sandow's performances, and especially by the private exhibi-
tions he was called upon to give to medical men and local
athletes, who marvelled at the Prussian strongman's ' ' moun-
tains of muscle " and phenomenal strength.

The spring of 1891 Mr. Sandow also passed in paying suc-
cessful professional visits to Birmingham and Liverpool. At
both these cities the renowned athlete created great excite-
ment and roused to a high pitch public interest in athletics. For
the period of his sojourn in Birmingham, the Winter Gardens,
where he gave his exhibitions, were crowded nightly by im-
mense audiences, and the same is to be said of Mr. Sandow's
appearances at Hengler's Circus, Liverpool. At each of these
cities the Athletic Clubs vied with each other in paying cour-
tesy to their distinguished guest, while the medical profession,
in both cities also, made the great athlete the subject of admir-
ing critical examination. During these seances with the
medicos, Mr. Sandow good-naturedly gave demonstrations of
his wonderful powers, including the lifting of men, over 16
stone in weight, from the ground at arm's length on to a
table, and the tearing in two, by the strength of the wrists, of
one pack, and on another occasion of two packs, of playing cards.
The Christmas holiday season of 1892 found Sandow, by
special invitation, at the Scottish capital, giving exhibitions
of his strength at a Carnival held in the Waverley Market,

69 .

Edinburgh. There " monster gatherings, numbering as many
as 20, 000 people, greeted the great athlete with Scottish heart-
iness and ardour. Nor were his admirers those only who saw
him at the Carnival ; on the streets of the fair city, if we may
trust the local chroniclers of the Press, he was followed by
crowds, who ' ' appeared to derive the liveliest satisfaction from
observing all his movements. The amount of interest," remarks
the Edinburgh Evening Dispatch, "his performances have
aroused extends far beyond the ordinary Carnival audience.
Many people have gone expressly to see him who never before
honoured the Carnival with their presence, and his astound-
ing feats have been the subject of universal comment in Edin-
burgh society for the past ten days. " The Scotsman, the great
Liberal organ of the Northern capital, was equally compli-
mentary in its greeting of Sandow, as was the press of
Glasgow, the sister city of the West, when the strongman
paid it a visit. At Glasgow, Sandow's performances were
hailed with the same fervour, and immense audiences filled
the "Gaiety" and the "Scotia," where he successively ap-
peared, to witness the unique and artistic display of muscle.
Here, also, the medical faculty turned out in force to inspect
and admire the champion strongman's physical frame.
"Quiz," " The Bailie," the North British Daily Mail, and the
Glasgow Evening News devoted columns to the chronicling of
Sandow's feats one of these journals noting the fact that some
of the good people of the city, actuated by conscientious
scruples, were prevented from witnessing Sandow's prowess, in
consequence of his exhibitions taking place in an uncovenanted
hall. Says the journal in question : " The amount of interest
aroused in medical as well as social circles has extended all
over the world, and many more would be highly interested
and become admirers of his wonderful ability, if it were not
for the prudish spirit against being within the walls of a
music-hall ! Of his performances, however, nothing but praise
can be given."

70

IX.

WITH GOLIATH AT THE ROYAL MUSIC TTATJ,.
HOLBORN.

IN the autumn of 1890, to revert to the doings of
that year Mr. Sandow returned to London after his suc-
cessful tour in the North. He had now become a very
familiar figure and a great favourite with the frequenters
of the theatres and variety-entertainment haunts in the
metropolis. He hegan the season with an engagement
at the Royal Music Hall, Holborn, with a programme which
in its drawing qualities eclipsed all previous attractions and
made him anew the sensation of the year. The great athlete
had been, manifestly, increasing his strength and still further
developing his wonderful muscular powers. At any time, it
was a pleasure to witness his exhibitions, for, as a performer,
he gave universal delight by the unaffected way in which he
got through even his most difficult tasks, avoiding the poses,

71

grimaces, and stage swaggerings, with which professional
strongmen are too apt to decorate their feats. In addition
to the extended repertoire Sandow had now to offer for the
entertainment and wonder of his nightly audiences, he had
brought with him to " The Holborn " a veritable giant, whom
he had picked up doing the work of a stone-quarryman near
Aix-la-Chapelle. This phenomenon was named " Goliath,"
and could hardly have been dwarfed by his namesake of Gath,
champion of the Philistines, who measured, we are told, "six
cubits and a span." Such a massive and rough-hewn block of
muscular humanity probably never appeared on the stage
before. He is 6 ft. 2i inches in height, and weighs 27 stone !
''Goliath," observes a London reporter in attempting a de-
scription of this stage giant, "is of fearful and wonderful
uncomeliness : he has hands big enough to let him use pillow-
cases in daily wear as gloves. His measurements round
chest, arm and head are phenomenal. At present he has not
been educated to many stage tricks, and limits his share in
the performance to walking round with a cannon weighing
400 Ibs. on his shoulder. Sandow, however, makes up for the
monotony of his partner's show by some really marvellous
feats of strength, including the lifting of Goliath from the
ground with one finger, and poising him overhead with one
hand."

Of this man of almost fabled proportions, we shall get a
fuller description, as well as an account of Sandow's new ex-
hibition, in another source that of the Sunday Times (Sep.
20, 1890) which we herewith introduce to the reader :

"THE TWO GIANTS.

" As I am standing on the stage of the Royal Music Hall, chatting
with Captain Taylor, the courteous manager, a young man, clad in a
dark tweed suit, with a buff waistcoat, emerges from the wing, and

72

stands, cigarette in mouth, watching the motions of the stage car-
penters setting the stage. Captain Taylor introduces him as Mr.
Sandow. The abnormal muscular development which makes him
unique among living men is hidden in his street attire, and
iu his face, or in what is visible of his figure, there is nothing
to speak of his extraordinary strength. The face and figure both
look a little boyish. After a minute's chat on indifferent subjects he
invites me to his dressing-room, on a level with the stage, in which
the paraphernalia used in his performance are kept. In the corner
is his " dumb-bell," two huge masses of metal united by a steel bar,
and weighing in all 312 Ibs., 12 Ibs. heavier than that he used at the
Alhambra, and much more difficult of manipulation, owing to its in-
crease of several inches in length. This he invites me to examine.
With considerable difficulty I manage to support it, staggering un-
der its weight, when he insinuates a casual forefinger about the biir
and relieves me of the burden. Various other of the weights which
figure in his performance are standing about the room, and as he chats
with me he performs, in an easy manner, various feats with them,
and ends by getting me to stand on the palm of one of his hands
while he lifts me on to the dressing-table. He dissipates the wonder
of this performance by telling me that he is going to do the same
witli Goliath, the new giant, who scales twenty-seven stone. ' I am
expecting him every minute,' he says. ' Come back to the stage,
perhaps he is here now.' We go back, and there, sure enough,
stands Goliath, a huge mountain of flesh and bone, standing well
over six feet, with a chest measurement of Heaven knows how many
inches, and huge face like a pantomime mask. This gentleman's
hand measures over twelve inches from the tip of the thumb to
that of the little finger, and the silver ring on the index of his right
hand slides easily, with room to spare, over any two of my fingers.
His hat covers my head and rests upon my shoulders. He bestrides
the narrow stage like a Colossus, and Sandow, standing beside him, is
a mere pigmy, though he is almost as much Goliath's superior in mere
brute force as he is in deftness. Goliath speaks no English, but has
a fashion of expressing friendly interest in anything going forward
a sort of short grunt, which shakes the building.

73

" Three stage-carpenters are now arranging upon the platform in
the centre of the stage the tools with which the two giants are to
perform their nightly work. The great dumb-bell, the smaller article
of the same kind, the hundred-weight and half-hundred-weights,
and similar trifles are symmetrically placed about the carpet- covered
da'is, and Sandow, leisurely stripping off his coat, proceeds to
rehearsal. It is a mere ' music-cue ' rehearsal, and much the most
interesting part of the performance is gone through in dumb-
show. It transpires during its progress that the gigantic Go-
liath has very little to do except to pose as a foil for his infinitely
stronger and cleverer companion. Sandow's penultimate perform-
ance is really marvellous : Goliath, girt by a leathern band, stands
upon a raised platform which brings his waist about on a level with
his companion's elbow ; in the easiest manner possible, Sandow puts
his hand under the belt and walks off with his huge companion
held at full length. Perhaps the most remarkable of the, feats per-
formed by the latter is that known as the ' Roman Column.' A
pole of burnished steel, some twelve feet in height, is made fast to
the stage by cords and guys. Halfway up are two stout cross-bars,
each projecting six inches in length, and from the summit hang two
steel chains, ended by hooks of the same metal. These fit into rings
affixed by straps to Sandow's legs a little below the knee. With his
feet upon the cross-bars, and unsupported save by the chains, he
bends the upper part of his body backwards and downwards until his
extended hands touch the stage. On the stage lies one of the big
dumb-bells, weighing 150 Ibs. This he grasps, and with a terrific
effort, which makes the muscles of his arms, legs and loins start out
like lianas on a forest tree, draws it up higher and higher, till his
body is at right angles with the steel pole, and the dumb-bell is held
triumphantly at arm's length above his head. The performance
ends by Sandow making a bridge of his body upon the stage, sup-
porting the body, chest upwards, with his arms and knees. A board,
pierced with three holes, one of which encircles his neck, while
the other two fit about his knees, is put upon him, and on this the
whole of his paraphernalia, supplemented by the weights of the three
stage carpenters and the gigantic Goliath, is piled, Sandow support-

ing the whole weight, a total of 2,400 Ib. 900 Ibs. more than he
supported last year at the Alhambra."

To these feats in the Sandow-cum-Goliath performance others
were added as the exhibition drew still larger crowds and won
greater fervour of nightly applause. These included the lift-
ing, while lying on his back on the stage, of the 312 Ib. dumb-
bell with two men seated upon it a weight of some 620 Ibs.
Another startling feat, performed by Sandow, was the swing-
ing round and round of a dumb-bell weighing 150 Ibs. with
two attendants suspended therefrom. The giant Goliath then
makes his appearance, carrying a cannon, weighing 400 Ibs.,
on his shoulders ; after which Goliath stands in a square open
frame, and Sandow from the top lifts him with one finger
from the stage. Prolonged was the cheering which nightly
followed this marvellous exhibition of human strength. To
realize, adequately, what this astonishing feat is, the reader
must remember Goliath's enormous weight, of 27 stone : his
chest measurement is 65 inches, and his height 6 ft. 2i inches.
The contrast between the two men Sandow and the Westpha-
lian is sharp in the extreme. Goliath is huge, lumbering, and
unprepossessing ; Sandow medium-sized, agile, and a model
of compactness and symmetry. " From head to heel," as the
Newcastle Chronicle has described him, "there is not a bad
point in him. His features are of a bold classical type ; his
head is well-shaped and balanced upon a white and muscular
neck ; his shoulders are immensely broad ; and in every limb
from mighty arm to shapely calf the muscles stand out firm
and rounded as bosses of steel."

Sandow's next engagement was at the London Pavilion,
where, having parted with the ogre of Music Hall notoriety,
ie appeared with a promising phenomenon of muscularity,
christened Loris. "Loris," we quote from a contemporary
journal, the Evening Post and News, "so far plays with

75

such trifles as 56 Ib. and 90 Ib. weights, and does not essay a
bigger dumb-bell than one reckoned at 140 Ibs. ; but he handles
these with the utmost ease, and as much grace as is compat-
ible with severe muscular effort. Sandow's display has been
so often described that it is unnecessary to comment on it.
He gets through his work with as little appearance of exces-
sive effort as need be, and about both young men there is a
pleasant absence of the theatrical swagger of many per-
formers in the same line of business. "

X.

ANOTHER STRONGMAN CONTEST.

WHILE Sandow was still exhibiting at the Holborn Music
Hall, there was talk of another trial of strength among strong-
men. The match, on this occasion, was to be between Sandow
and one of two brothers, named McCann, professionally
known as "Hercules" and "Samson."* These brothers
were Englishmen Birmingham men, we believe, then under
engagement at the Tivoli Theatre, London. The one to be
pitted against Sandow was known as ' ' Hercules, " or, enfamille,
Henry McCann. The twin strongmen, it appears, entertained
loubts as to the weight accuracy of Sandow's 312 Ib. dumb-bell,
rhich he was wont to raise nightly at his performances, and to

*This was not the Alsatian of that stage-name, who styles himself "the
trongest man on earth." He, since his defeat by Sandow, added a " p " to Ms
line, and now calls himself " Sampson." Ed,

77

put the matter to test they offered to stake 50 if he (Sandow)
" is able to lift a weight of 250 Ib. avoirdupois with one hand
from the shoulder to arm's length above the head " a feat
they (the McCann Brothers) deemed well-nigh impossible,
frankly admitting, at any rate, that they could not do the feat.

This proposal was, however, but a preliminary -skirmish,
which at length, after interesting discussion in the columns of
TJie Era and The Star, developed into a well- arranged and
accepted challenge, covering not only the point above raised,
but a threefold trial of strength, on each side, the stakes
being 100 a side, with 50 additional to try conclusions in
the lifting of the 250 Ib. weight. The terms of the match
were agreed to by both parties, and the respective stakes were
deposited at the office of The Sportsman, the match to take
place on the afternoon of Dec. 10th, 1890.

That the sequel of this match unfortunately brought a mis-
carriage of justice, is a matter the writer of this, for obvious
reasons, chiefly those of good taste, does not desire to dwell
upon. He contents himself with saying that, as will presently
be seen, Sandow performed four out of the six feats set down
on the programme, while Hercules performed but three, and
failed entirely to attempt the specific feats Sandow had put
forward for his opponent's test. If there is doubt at all of the
injustice of the issue, we fail to find support for it in four-
fifths of the reports of the contest published in the London
newspapers of the period. With all but unanimity of voice
the journals condemn the verdict.

Under the circumstances, it would be more than unseemly
were we to give our own version of the contest. Happily, we
need not here depart from the procedure we have heretofore
acted upon, in allowing a contemporary English journal, of
high repute, to furnish a report of the match. The following
is from the Morning Post, Dec. 11, 1890 :

78

" In fulfilment of an agreement entered into between the well-
known strong men, Eugene Sandow and the Brothers McCann, pro-
fessionally known as Hercules and Samson, a weight-lifting com-
petition took place yesterday afternoon (10th Dec., 1890), on the
stage of the Royal Music Hall, Holborn. Much interest was taken
in the contest, which was witnessed by a large gathering of specta-
tors, occupying all parts of the house. The competition consisted
of six genuine feats of strength, three to be selected by Sandow, and
three by one of the Brothers McCann, the feats to be named on the day
of the contest, and the stakes to be 100 a side. In addition, the
Brothers McCann offered Sandow the sum of 50, if he should succeed
in lifting a weight of 250 Ibs. with one hand, from the shoulder at
arm's length above the head. The trial of strength was apart from
the competition proper, and rendered Sandow liable for 50 in the
event of failure. Sandow also agreed to give the Brothers McCann
50, win or lose, in consideration of their competing at the Royal
Music Hall, where he is at present engaged. The performance was
announced for 3 p. M., and after some delay, occasioned by the testing
of the weights, a formality elaborately carried out upon two weighing
machines, the curtain was raised, and disclosed Sandow and Her-
cules ready to engage in competition. The Marquis of Queensberry,
Professor Atkinson, and Mr. Shirley B. Jevons, who officiated as
judges, occupied seats on the platform, as did many supporters of
both athletes. The preliminaries briefly disposed of, Sandow pro-
ceeded to take up the challenge to lift the 250 Ib. weight for 50
The young German performed the feat perhaps the most difficult
in the programme with complete success, and was loudly ap-
plauded. The regular contest then began, Hercules setting the first
task, which was to raise with the left hand from the ground at arm's
length above the head a weight of 170 Ibs. The challenger accom-
plished the feat, and Sandow was also successful at the third
attempt, the limit allowed for each trial. Sandow then, amidst re-
newed applause, raised a dumb-bell weighing 226 Ibs. with his right
hand at arm's length above the head. Hercules declined to at-

79

tempt the feat, his decision provoking loud cries of disapprobation
and a good deal of hissing. He then proceeded to his own test,
which was to raise with the left hand at arm's length above the head
a weight of 155 Ibs. This he accomplished satisfactorily, as did
Sandow, who, like his opponent, raised the dumb-bell twice.

The second of Sandow's tests was to lift a weight of 198 Ibs. with the
left hand at arm's length above the head. The challenger, however,
could not quite succeed in straightening his arm, and gave up at the
second attempt. Hercules, therefore, was not called upon, and was
thus spared a great tax on his strength. The last of the three
tests set by Hercules was to raise simultaneously two dumb-bells
straight from the ground at arm's length above the head, the
weight for the right hand being 120 Ibs. and that for the left 112 Ibs.
This feat the challenger performed with apparent ease at the first
attempt. Somewhat to the surprise of his supporters, Sandow was
unequal to the task in which his opponent's superior weight was
obviously an advantage. The last of the six trials was initiated by
Sandow. It consisted in raising at arm's length above the head 210
Ibs. with the right hand and 49 Ibs. with the left. This very trying
feat was accomplished after two unsuccessful attempts, and called
forth a general burst of cheering. There were loud and prolonged
cries for McCann, but, as before, Hercules refused the challenge, heed-
less of the ironical remarks showered upon him. This brought the
contest to a close. The net result being that while Sandow had per-
formed four out of the six feats, two of his own and two of his op-
ponents, Hercules had accomplished only three his own, having
declined to attempt two of the tests set by Sandow, and being under
no obligation to try the third. The judges then retired to draw up
their decision, which was considered by the vast majority -of the
spectators to be almost a certainty for Sandow, whose splendid pro-
portions and modest bearing, coupled with the fact that he had un-
dergone far greater exertion than his opponent, made him a strong
favourite. After an absence of a quarter of an hour, the judges re-
turned, and the Marquis of Queensberry announced that Hercules
had won the competition, while Sandow had gained the special prize
of 50 already referred to. The decision came as a complete sur-

80

prise, and was received with an outburst of dissent from all parts of
the building. A scene of wild excitement followed, and in the gen-
eral din, Sandow, who attempted to speak, could not obtain a hear-
ing. At last there came a temporary lull, and a man, who proved
to be Sandow's old rival, the Alsatian Samson, pushed his way
to the front of the platform and declared, amidst tremendous
cheering, that Sandow was the winner. This was evidently the
popular verdict, the decision of the judges being incomprehensible
to most of those present. The curtain was then lowered, and the
spectators dispersed."

We may be permitted one further word bearing on the ex
traordinary and inexplicable issue of this contest. We have
said that the judges' decision (which according to the terms
set forth in the articles was to be final) was received with
amazement and dissatisfaction. That no other result could
follow the announcement of such a judgment, will be apparent
by reiterating and briefly analyzing the facts. The articles of
agreement say that the competition shall consist of six feats,
three to be selected by each side. How were these competitive
tests severally performed ? Hercules set and did his own three
feats, to which, inferentially, he had been habituated. Sandow
successfully performed two of these, though, unaccustomed as
he was to them, not, it may be, so deftly as his opponent.
Sandow, on the other hand, set three and performed two of his
own difficult feats not one of which Hercules attempted !
How, in face of this result, the honour and rewards of the victory
could go to Hercules is, the reader will no doubt say, incredible.
It is only paltering with the public to take exception to the
manner in which Sandow performed his work, spent as he was

tby the prolonged and severe trial. The manner of doing the
feats was not conditioned in the articles, and, if it had been, the
use of the body's leverage in elevating the weights from the
shoulder is certainly more allowable because scientific and
'

hygienically safe than the tricky and vicious use of the jerk.
The matter, however, is in a nut-shell : Hercules did three,
and Sandow four, of the six feats in the contest ; while the
latter essayed to do all, but, to settle another wager, was
handicapped by having to perform an arduous feat prior to
undertaking the competition proper. If the contest was to
decide a matter of strength, which was the stronger man will
be seen by a reference to the number of the tests, and more
particularly, to the far heavier weights which Sandow was
able to manipulate. Sandow successfully lifted in all a total
of 1,007 Ibs., and failed to lift another 430 Ibs. Hercules, all
told, only lifted 552 Ibs.

XI.
SANDOW BREAKS ALL RECORDS.

THE great athlete was now to win a trophy by such a dis-
play of weight-lifting as should set forever at rest not only any
question regarding the match with Hercules, but effectively
put in the shade all previous records of Mr. Sandow's prowess.
For weeks after the match, denunciation of the judges'
lecision had been raging in the Press, and great efforts were
made, in which Mr. Sandow joined, to re-try the test of
strength between the contestants, but without practical
response from Hercules McCann or his backers. At this
juncture, the London Athletic Institute, with Professor
Atkinson, F.R.C.V.S., at its head, stepped generously for-
ward and offered for competition a gold championship belt,
to be awarded to the man who would make the best English
record in weight-lifting. An invitation was extended to

83

Sandow, who, as the virtual champion of heavy-weight lifters,
and known to have engaged to break all previous records, was
likely to be unapproached in the coming exhibition. The
following account of the evening's performance, taken from
The Sporting Life, Jan. 29th, 1891, will show how well-nigh
unsurpassable was Sandow's feats on the occasion. The ex-
hibition took place at the International Hall, Caf Monico,
Piccadilly Circus, on the night of the 28th of January before a
crowded and enthusiastic audience. The English record of
weight-lifting to be beaten on the present occasion was that
of Hercules McCann, the opponent of Sandow, in the contest in
which, though not to the satisfaction of the public, as we
have seen, the judges' verdict went in favour of that athlete.
What the audience now assembled were to see was McCann
not only beaten at his own game, and in the feats he specially
affected, but the establishing of a record for Sandow which
eclipsed all existing records and won for him the great prize
of the evening.

GREAT RIGHT AND LEFT HAND WORK.

We take on the report of the Sporting Life, after intro-
ducing the subject.

"By this time Sandow was ready, and soon Herr Condol, his
manager, was busy getting his heavy weights together, while masters
of ceremonies, Mr. Bush and Frank Hinde, saw to the outside pre-
liminaries. The judges consisted of Colonel Fox, Colonel Burchard,
Messrs. F. A. Bettison, John W. Fleming, and J. Couttes, with
Professor Atkinson, as referee. The latter also acted as spokesman,
and in a few well-chosen words told how the gold belt was to be
won. He said that the feats set by Henry (' Hercules ') McCann at
the Royal Music Hall two months ago would be considered the stand-
ard. Sandow then doffed his ulster and stood revealed in salmon-
coloured tights, with a black leotard, and black leather sandals adorned

84

his feet. "While he was wiping his hands, preparatory to the warm-
ing up exercise, Shirley Jevons, one of the judges of the Sandow-
Hercules contest, approached the stage and asked a question. He
was instantly invited to an exalted position. Sandow, in the mean-
time, was toying with a pair of 100 Ib. bells, one in each hand. He
curled them up to his shoulder, and then held them aloft without
the slightest semblance of jerk, push, or a press. The right-hand
bell he elevated three times in succession, just to get his muscles
wound up.

" BREAKING HERCULEs's RECORD.

" The real business of the evening was begun by the lifting of a
dumb-bell weighing 179 Ibs. with the right hand. Sandow stood
over the mass of iron, and then getting a good grip of the handle,
lifted it shoulder high. He tried to push it upward, but after get-
ing the bell started he had to drop it to the shoulder. The second
attempt was successful and Hercules's record of 170 Ibs. was swept
among the ' has beens,' the record being raised 9 Ibs.

" Next in order came a two-handed feat. This time Sandow
lifted a bell weighing 126 Ibs. with his right hand and 119 Ibs. with
his left hand. It will be remembered that when Hercules put up
his two bells of 120 Ibs. and 112 Ibs. he used a mighty jerk, and San-
dow failed to get the bells up at all. There was no doubt about last
night's attempt. Sandow got the two bells to his shoulder in very
neat style. Then he started to press them up, but hesitated mo-
mentarily. The pause looked ominous, but slowly and surely the
arms began to straighten and in a few seconds the two masses of
iron were held aloft, Sandow not only wiping Hercules's record off
the slate, but making the new one in magnificent style. Mr. Jevons
seemed to be in doubt about the arm being perfectly straight, but
Prof. Atkinson stated that, with such enormous biceps, it was
simply impossible to get the arm like a ram-rod.

" The next task was the lifting of 160 Ibs. with the left hand. Her-
cules got up 155 Ibs., and Sandow, not knowing the knack when he
met McCann, could not exert his full strength. Last night, how-

ever, he had no trouble. He first curled the weight up to the
shoulder and then slowly pressed it until it was well over his head.
Sandow dropped the weight, looking defiantly at those who were
adversely comparing his style with that of Hercules. The glance
was so disdainful and Spartan-like, that the whole house burst into
a volley of applause. Prof essor Atkinson advanced to the footlights
and said that the judges were perfectly satisfied with Sandow's per-
formance, and that he had not only surpassed McCann's record, but
won the championship belt. The trophy is a beautiful one. It is
made of blue satin, heavily studded with gold plate, with medallions
for names and portraits. In the centre is a massive shield, setting
forth how the championship was won.

" SANDOW MAKES SOME WORLD RECORDS.

" Not satisfied with showing his superiority over his late rival,
Sandow set about making some new world records. His first per-
formance was with a long-handled dumb-bell, weighing 250 Ibs. This
was stood in front of him to give the performer a firmer grip, but
previous to lifting the weight, Sandow asked Professor Atkinson if
the stage was all right. He said ' yes.'

" ' Over 400 Ibs. in one spot is a big weight,' observed Sandow.
He referred to the bell and his own weight. Steadying himself, San-
dow lifted the bell on to his chest, and then pushed it half-way up,
straightening his arms as the bell rose. He stood with the enormous
mass fully extended. Dropping the bell shoulder high, he again
pushed it up, and tried the performance again, but the bell turned
in his hand when it was half-way up, and he dropped it to the floor
with a crash that made every one's teeth jar. Next the bell was
stood endwise, and with two hands Sandow lifted it to his shoulder,
steadying it for a moment, and then gradually pressing the bell up,
he achieved one of the grandest pieces of dumb-bell lifting ever seen.
This performance not only eclipses Staar's Vienna record, but
establishes what had hitherto been a doubtful performance.

" The next thing done was the elevating of a bar-bell weighing
177 Ibs. Sandow had no trouble in curling this weight up to his

86

shoulder, or in pressing it aloft. The work was so cleanly done
that the spectators gave the performer round after round of applause.
An ordinary plate bell of 161 Ibs. was the next weight handled, and
this time the left hand was used. The curling process was used to
bring the bell to the shoulder, and then the press was put into oper-
ation. As the iron rose in the air a faint ' Oh ! ' was heard, and San-
dow looked daggers at the place from which the sound emanated. It
seemed to unnerve him for a moment, but getting a good grip of the
bell, he held it aloft as though it were a walking-stick. When it is
stated that this is 6 Ibs. more than Hercules put up, the magnitude of
the feat can be realized, especially as McCann had not done half the
work that Sandow had gone through. These are three records that
will stand for some time.

" MAKING THREE RECORDS FOR THE JUDGES.

" The officials were so carried away, that they importuned Sandow
to do some special feats, and the good-natured German readily com-
plied. He stood beside the scales, watching the weighing process,
and when they omitted to weigh the two nuts that are used as fast-
enings on the bells, he called their attention to the oversight, remark-
ing ' I want to get credit for all I do.' These nuts weigh over a
pound each, so that they make quite a little difference in the avoir-
dupois. When everything was in readiness, the plate bell, weighing
70 Ibs. was placed in position, and Sandow raised it to his shoulder.
Then gradually dropping the weight until his arm was at right angles
with his body, accomplished one of the greatest feats of genuine
strength ever known in this or any other country. The performance
will now form a world's record in the absence of any known perform-
ance of its kind. The left hand was treated to a 56 Ib. lift. It was
a very clean one.

" WINS THE CHAMPIONSHIP BELT.

" After a little rest, Sandow came forward for the last and probably
the greatest feat of all. It was the simultaneous elevating of a

87

Ib. weight in his right hand, and a 56 Ib. weight in the left hand.
Raising the pair of bells to his shoulder, Sandow held them there
until every one could see that there was no trickery about the feat.
Then he gradually lowered his arras to a horizontal position and
held the weights out. The ring of the 56 Ib. weight was down, so
that no assistance could be gained from the wrist. The ease and
coolness of the performance electrified every one, and for some
minutes no one seemed to realize the magnitude of the achievements.
When one individual did start the applause, it soon swelled in volume,
and for some minutes the noise was deafening. When quietness
was restored, Professor Atkinson stepped forward and presented
Sandow with the championship belt, saying, ' You have not only
eclipsed all Hercules's performances, but you have set a lot of tasks
that will remain on record for a long time. In addition to this, you
have given us an exhibition of pure strength that seems phenomenal.
I have great pleasure in presenting to you the championship-belt,
which I hope you will find pleasant to look at in after life, and I also
hope that you may live many years to enjoy it.' Sandow's eyes
sparkled as he took the valuable trophy, and he looked as if he
would like to say something, but his non-familiaritywith the idioms
of our language kept him silent, and he could return thanks only
with his frank blue eyes."

XII.

PHYSICAL CULTURE IN ITS RELATION TO THE

ARMY.

THE presence and successes of Mr. Sandow in England nat-
urally quickened public interest in all manner of gymnastic
exercises, and directed afresh the attention of the military
authorities to physical culture, on the great athlete's system
of training, in its bearing on recruits for the army. Sand-
hurst, Woolwich, and Aldershot, all felt the influence of the
vogue for muscular development aroused by the exhibition of
strongmen in the metropolis. One of the most enthusiastic
of Sandow's admirers is Colonel Fox, Inspector of Military
Gymnasia for the British Army and Director of Physical
Training at Aldershot. This officer had become much im-
pressed with Sandow's phenomenal muscular proportions and
enamoured of his system of training, which produced such

89

results as the renowned athlete exhibits in his person. Ex-
amining critically into the system, Colonel Fox assured him-
self of its simple yet effective methods, and in repeated inter-
views with Sandow obtained from him such hints as has
induced- the gallant Colonel to adopt his exercises in the train-
ing schools for the army. The recruit of the future, Colonel
Fox determines, shall be a man ready trained for campaign-
work, not, as has too often happened in the past, a man whom
the campaign has to train.

Imbued with these views, Colonel Fox took advantage of
such occasion as presented itself to bring Sandow as a model
before instructors and cadets in the military training schools ;
and in this good work he was fortunate in enlisting the co-
operation of not a few of the medical staff in the various
depots of the army. One of the most intelligent and devoted
among the latter is Surgeon-Major Deane, of the Medical Staff,
who, on the 12th of December last (1892), delivered a lecture on
Physical Culture at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich,
taking advantage of Mr. Sandow's presence to give point to
his lecture in illustrating what he had to say on the subject
of gymnastic anatomy. The lecture was so important, and
interesting from the fact we have stated, that an account of
it was published in the London Lancet (Dec. 24, 1892) the
chief organ of the medical profession. We transcribe the re-
port verbatim, deeming it of much interest to the intelligent
reader :

" AN OBJECT LESSON IN GYMNASTIC ANATOMY

" On Monday, the 12th inst., a lecture on Physical Education was
delivered in the Gymnasium of the Royal Military Academy, Wool-
wich, by Surgeon-Major Deane, of the Medical Staff. The lecture,
which had been previously given at the Royal Military College,
Sandhurst, was in itself well worth listening to, but it excited a good

90

deal of popular interest as far as the cadets were more especially
concerned at any rate owing to the fact that Sandow, the strong-
man, was in attendance and afforded in his person a practical illus-
tration of what can be done by physical training in an individual
naturally of powerful build in fact, an object lesson in gymnastic
anatomy. The proceedings were under the auspices of Colonel Fox,
the Inspector of Gymnasia at Aldershot, and there was, it need
scarcely be added, a full attendance. The lecturer commenced by
giving various instances in ancient, mediaeval, and modern times of
men who were characterized by their superior development of both
physical and mental qualities, ending by citing the present Prime
Minister, ' as not only a man of powerful intellect, but as a hewer of
trees.' He then went on to explain that nature had given us a cer-
tain amount of capital or reserve on which we could draw, and added
that this might be more clearly represented by assuming that our per-
sonal equation was 1. This reserve force was continually being
drawn upon, and could only be maintained by good food, sleep and
healthy exercise both of mind and body. He pointed out that phys-
ical exertion and exercises undertaken for strengthening and devel-
oping the muscles were not without exercising a favourable influence
also in developing the mind, and among other illustrations remarked
that it was commonly recognized that the more exercise a schoolboy
took, the more fresh and quick he became in his studies. Be this as
it may, however, and in a sense and within limits it is undoubtedly
true, the lecturer proceeded to say that if England was the most
athletic nation it was also the worst physically trained one, for
young men took up such games as cricket, football, racquets, or run-
ning, which collectively were very good indeed in their way, but he
pointed out that, taking them separately, they all tended to develop
only certain parts of the body. In order to avoid this partial devel-
opment the first thing to be noticed in studying the human frame is,
that it is made by nature to stand erect, from which we might infer
that all exercises should be performed in that position on the ground
on which we stood, and not above it, as in so many of the exercises
provided in gymnasia in England. Sandow's development had been
attained by constant and systematic use of the muscles, and espe-

91

cially by the employment of 5 Ib. dumb-bells, each exercise being
designed to increase the power of some particular muscle or group
of muscles. Sandow had modelled his system of training on that in
fashion with the Greeks and Romans. He had not employed any
modern gymnastic apparatus, but had attained his marvellous mus-
cular development mainly by the use of light dumb-bells in connec-
tion with observations on the anatomical arrangement and disposition
of his muscles.

" The lecturer then asked Sandow to perform certain feats and ex-
ercises in illustration of what had been advanced. From this point
'to the conclusion, the proceedings became, in a physiological and
anatomical sense, very interesting and instructive, for rarely indeed
can the various muscles be seen by being put into action in the liv-
ing body as definitely and precisely as if they had been laid bare by
a dissection in a dead one, as was the case in Sandow's exhibition of
them. Stripped to the waist, he was able to demonstrate by differ-
ent movements how great was the command he had over various
muscles. Clasping his hands behind his head, he was able to make
his biceps rise and fall in time to music. Walking round the audi-
ence, he displayed various muscles in action as they were separately
named. By putting his hand behind his back in such a position as
to cause contraction of the deltoid, he can raise that muscle to a
degree that makes the shoulder look out of all proportion to the rest
of his body. The development of the flexor and extensor muscles of
the upper extremities, especially of the triceps, was also noteworthy.
He can flex or bend his wrist to such an extent that a vertical line
drawn from the knuckles will fall on the region of the muscles of
the forearm. The intimate physiological connection between the
terminal nerves distributed on the skin and those of the muscles
beneath, as well as the contractile power of the muscles themselves,
are readily manifested ; and the normal reflexes should be capable
of being easily demonstrated. Sandow applied the hands of some
of the bystanders to the skin over the chest walls and other parts
of the trunk of his body, with the result that a young fellow de-
scribed the sensation as being like that of ' moving your hand over
corrugated iron.' Standing in the centre of the room he showed

92

his maximum and minimum chest measurement. After an efforted
expiratory act, aided apparently by the pressure of his arms against
the ribs laterally, a difference of twelve inches is caused by deep in-
spiration and forcible action of the inspiratory muscles. When he
fully inflates his chest and ' sets ' its muscles, his arms form an
angle of about 40 with his body, owing to the size and prominence
of the muscles under the arm and towards the back of the shoulder
and those of the lateral aspect of the chest. The pectoral and ser-
rati muscles are very noticeable. Taking two packs of cards together
he attempted to tear the two packs 104 cards in twain, and, after
spending about ten minutes in his efforts to do so, he succeeded in
accomplishing his purpose, affording at the same time an indication
of the great muscular strength of the hand and wrist. He failed in
doing this at Sandhurst. In order to illustrate the development of
the muscles of the back he took a short length of circular india-rub-
ber of about an inch or more in diameter and fitted with handles.
This, on being previously passed round the audience, could hardly
be stretched by four cadets pulling at each end. Sandow, however,
taking hold of the handles and turning his back to the audience,
stretched the india-rubber across the back of his neck until his arms
were extended at right angles to his body. The action of the mus-
cles of the back caused them to look, as it was remarked, like snakes
coiling and uncoiling themselves under his 'skin. In order to show
his weight-lifting power he used a bar-bell weighing 270 Ibs., which,
one of the strongest sergeants of the academy had only succeeded in
lifting from the ground by the use of his body as well as his arms.
Taking the bar-bell in the centre, Sandow allowed it to swing, as it
were, by its own weight across his shoulder, from which position he
slowly raised it r.pwards to arm's length above the shoulder. An
arrangement was then shown for exercising the adductor muscles of
the leg. It consisted of two upright posts and pieces of india-rubber,
which are hooked to them and to straps which fasten round the leg
just above the knee. The performer sits in a chair between the
posts and tries to press the knees together by extending the india-
rubber. A cadet who had tried the apparatus could with great
fort just do this with three pieces of india-rubber connecting his

93

legs with the posts. Sandow, having attached one more piece of
india-rubber on each side, which was all that was available, opened
and closed his knees with the utmost ease and without any apparent
effort. With the view of showing his gymnastic agility, Sandow
very neatly turned a somersault at the close of the performance.
His personal equation, as compared with that taken on the previous
assumption, may be represented as 50. It is scarcely necessary to
add that, with cadets for an audience, Sandow did not lack applause
and that there is at present a ' great run ' on all the light dumb-
bells at the Royal Military Academy. The demonstration is, as we
have said already, chiefly interesting from an anatomical and physio-
logical point of view, and we have not attempted to discuss the
merits of his system from the standpoint of military training and
hygiene. The advantages of out-door exercises and sports in the
way of fresh air, emulation, pleasurable excitement and variety
over more systematic and exact methods of physical training need
not be stated, for they are obviously on the side of the former."

The interest manifested at Woolwich in Sandow's person-
ality, and in his effective system of physical education, was
also manifested at Aldershot and other regimental depots and
places of military training throughout the British islands.
Mention has already been made of the fact that army men
generally had viewed with lively enthusiasm Sandow's exhi-
bitions of feats of strength, and that his methods of physical
instruction had been adopted by the military authorities.
One of the most alert and intelligent of British officers to con-
fer with the great athlete on his system of training was Lt.-
Col. G. M. Fox, Her Majesty's Inspector of Military Gymnasia
for Great Britain. This gentleman made Sandow's acquaint-
ance shortly after the latter came to London to begin his
successful professional career, and from the first was interested
in his methods of physical training and impressed by his
redoubtable achievements on the stage. Colonel Fox's own
efforts had been long and earnest in seeking to improve the

94

physique of recruits for the army, and his labours in this
direction have, admittedly, borne much good fruit. Naturally,
the gallant colonel took an interest in Sandow's advent in
London, and he made it his business, as we have already said
at the opening of this chapter, to inquire closely into the
system of exercises by means of which the strongman had
made himself strong. Learning what these exercises were,
and the success which attended the observance of the simple
rules which Sandow imposed upon himself in training, Colonel
Fox put both to practical test, with gratifying results in the
sphere of his important duties. In obtaining these effective
and pleasing results, Colonel Fox was aided by Sandow's
presence at Aldershot, and by his " coaching " of the Staff
Instructors and non-commissioned officers under training at
the depot.

While this volume was under way, Colonel Fox was written
to by Mr. Sandow requesting such information as he, in his
official capacity, might deem it proper to give, anent the success
which had attended Mr. Sandow's training instructions, and
that officer, with ready and friendly courtesy, instantly com-
plied with the request. The reception of Colonel Fox's
letter was naturally gratifying to the great athlete, and
especially so as the testimony comes from an able and dis-
tinguished British officer, known for his zealous efforts in
helping to raise the standard of physical efficiency in the army.
The letter, which is subjoined, we have the kind permission
of its writer to publish. Here it is :

AN ENGLISH LIEUT. -COLONEL ON SANDOW'S METHODS OF

TRAINING.

"THE GYMNASIUM, ALDERSHOT,

"29th July, 1893.
" DEAR MR. SANDOW,

"I am in receipt of your letter from New York, which

95

reached me on the -23d inst. and am very glad to hear of
your success in America. The book you speak of as being
about to be published, should also be very successful, and ought
to do much towards making your system of physical devel-
opment widely -known. Since your last visit to us here my
Staff Instructors and non-commissioned officers under train-
ing have been most energetically practising the light dumb-
bell exercises you so kindly showed them.

"I am convinced that your series of exercises are excellent
and most carefully thought out, with a comprehensive view
to the development of the body as a whole. Any man honestly
following out your clear and simple instructions could not
fail to enormously and rapidly improve his physique. As two
notable instances, I may cite the cases of Captain Wood gate,
Superintendent of Gymnasia, Woolwich, and of Staff-In-
structor Moss, Army Gymnastic Staff.

"It is almost superfluous for me to add, that you yourself,
in propria persona, are the best possible advertisement of the
merits of your system of training and developing the human
body. Perhaps the best part of your system that / think
most highly of, is your insistence (1) upon the concentration of
the will-power on ttte muscles or muscle chiefly concerned in
an exercise ; and (2), the importance you attach to energy and
dash, accompanied by the most rigid attention to the minutest
details, in the actual carrying out of any and every exercise.
As the result of twenty-five years experience, I can confi-
dently assert that work done without strict attention to these
two points is valueless, from either a developmental or educa-
tional point of view, if, indeed, it be possible to differentiate
between terms that are, a priori, of necessity almost synon-
ymous. It is of course extremely difficult, and well-nigh
impossible, to insure the concentration of will-power upon
an exercise among large masses of men, whose physical train-
ing is more or less compulsory ; and we have then to fall

96

back upon the expediency of fixed apparatus to insure the
attainment of the necessary amount of muscular exertion.
But any individual, gifted with a fair amount of determi-
nation, is absolutely certain to develop his physical powers
at an extraordinarily rapid rate and with the most happy
results to his general health and mental powers and activity,
by following with intelligence your system. .As you very
rightly say, it is only by bringing the brain to bear upon our
exercises that we can hope to produce the best results with
the shortest possible expenditure of time.

"The absence of expensive and cumbrous apparatus is no
small recommendation of your system, and you are thoroughly
in the right when you assert that lasting muscular develop-
ment, and consequent strength, can be best produced by the con-
stant and energetic use of light dumb-bells employed in a
sound and scientific manner.

" Believe me, yours very truly,
(s) " G. M. Fox, Lt.-Colonel,

H. M. Inspector of Military Gymnasia in Great Britain.
" Professor Eugene Sandow,

"New York, U. S. A."

This, the testimony of a high and competent authority, to
the importance of Mr. Sandow's methods of physical training
will, no doubt, be received at its proper value, supported as it
is by the practical tests to which the system has been put.
From other military sources, and especially from many zealous
regimental instructors, Mr. Sandow has also received equally
emphatic endorsement of his intelligent and effective system.
Its fruit is, moreover, shown in the announcement, recently
made, that the Commander-in-chief of the British army has
sanctioned the introduction of light dumb-bells and kindred
appliances of athletic training, and approved their use, in the
various gymnasia at the home-depots of regimental districts
and cavalry riding schools.

97

XIII.
SANDOW "AT HOME" AND ABKOAD.

THE title of this chapter is chiefly to record an incident, of
an amusing kind, which happened to Mr. Sandow as one of
the many millions of lodgers in the great metropolis. What
we have to relate is a case of "bringing down the house "-
though not quite in the professional sense and the con-
sequent proof that the law, in England at any rate, is even
stronger than the strongman. We shall not spoil the story
by drawing upon the bald recital of what happened, from
the police court records, but leave the reader to gather the
facts from a sprightly editorial in the London Globe of
Nov. 13th, 1890. All we need say, is that Mr. Sandow,
while one day exercising in his rooms, did direful damage
to the ceilings, walls and furniture in the house in which
he abode, and not agreeing quickly with his landlady while

98

he was in the way with her, was summoned before trie
judge to atone for the wreck he had occasioned and be admon-
ished to rehearse his feats, for the future, in some lonely,
sequestered spot. Says the Globe ;

"SANDOW CHEZ LUI.

" The strongman has been very much in evidence of late years,
but little light has been hitherto let in upon him in his domestic
relations. Yesterday's law reports, however, go some way towards
supplying the deficiency. The case of Brackenbury v. Sandow, de-
cided in the Westminster county-court the other day, will be pe-
rused with interest by all lodging-house keepers. This class of the
community are commonly supposed to be able to take excellent care
of themselves, but from the present case it is clear that even a Lon-
don lodging-house keeper is capable of entertaining a strongman
unawares. We say this advisedly, for it is obvious that no
landlord, unless his house was built specially for the purpose,
would be so rash as to welcome in the capacity of a lodger a gentle-
man who is in the habit of sporting with dumb-bells weighing 312 Ibs.
Having done so, however, and having been so indiscreet as to bouse
the strongman on an upper storey, the landlord in question soon
realized in a very practical way the risks to which he had exposed
himself. The ceilings and his patience gave out about simulta-
neously, and litigation set in, with the result that Mr. Sandow, who
did not appear, was ordered to pay damages to the extent of 4, 12s.
6'?. Hitherto the professional musician has been the chief bete noir
of the landlord, but now the strongman must be added to his index
expurgatorius. The moral of the episode is fairly transparent. Al-
ways ascertain, if your calling be that of a letter of lodgings,
whether your intended lodger be a professional follower of Hercules
or not, and in the event of his being so, never offer him quarters
except in the basement. Perhaps in the ' ideal flats for professional
men,' of which we have heard a good deal of late, suitable provision
will be made for tenants of this description."

99

Sandow's possession of the crown of strength was, about
this time, amusingly perhaps even tragically illustrated in
another way. He had run over to Paris on a short holiday,
and there met an old schoolmate staying at the Grand Hotel.
After a long chat over old times and the memories of their
boyhood days, the friend suggested a game at billiards, which
Sandow agreed to, adding, however, that he was quite out of
practice and would be found but a poor player. This, in his
friend's eyes, was of little moment, for, as he said, the pleasure
of being together again would give sufficient interest to the
game. The billiard-room was crowded and it was with diffi-
culty the two old schoolfellows obtained a table. They hadn't
been playing long when a party of Frenchmen came and stood
alongside, evidently eager to get possession of the table. One
of the number, observing Sandow's indifferent playing, made
a rather offensive audible remark, which Sandow's friend re-
sented, but Sandow himself interposed and prevented the al-
tercation going further. Later in the evening, the two friends
retired to the restaurant for supper, and when they had taken
their seats they found themselves in close proximity to the
party of Frenchmen with whom they had all but come into
collision an hour or two before.

SANDOW CHASTISES A BELLICOSE FRENCHMAN.

During supper, when the wine began to flow, one or two of
the Frenchmen became first hilarious, then daring and saucy.
Sandow and his friend had taken little notice of the party
until a remark was made by one of the French roysterers,
pointed at the young Germans, and conveying an insulting
reference to their alien tongue. At this, Sandow's friend,
becoming angry, shot a retort back at the Frenchmen, when
one of the latter jumped up and menacingly shook his fist at
the Germans. Sandow motioned the excited Gaul to sit down,

100

telling him, in French, that it would be better for him to keep
quiet. There was something in the nonchalant way in which
Sandow had given this counsel that irritated the Frenchman,
and he crossed to the Germans' table and gave Sandow a blow
in the face. His friend squared up at this outrage, but San-
dow again interposed and coolly turned to the Frenchman and
cautioned him, at his peril, not to strike again. He did strike,
however, and, this time, with a sharp blow on Sandow's nose,
which set it bleeding arid stained a new light suit of tweed
which the athlete wore. So far, Sandow had put a rigid re-
straint upon himself, but angered at the soiling of his clothes,
and to keep his friend from engaging in a general tussle, he,
in an instant caught the Frenchman by his legs and the back
of his neck and brought his knees into repeated and ignomini-
ous contact with his nose. He then rapped his fundament on
a table with such force as to break the latter and set his fool-
ish aggressor unconscious on the floor. The chastisement was
the work of a minute, but it sufficed the now alarmed French-
men, who were dum founded at the sharp and unexpected
reprisals and felt that their friend's attack was unjustifiable
and unwarranted. Their concern, however, was great for
their prostrate companion, who had to be taken to an hospital,
while Sandow and his friend gave themselves up to the gen-
darmes whom the waiter and his master had summoned.

For two weeks after his admonishment by the angry athlete,
the titled Frenchman for it transpired that he was of high
birth languished in an hospital ward, inwardly profiting,
meanwhile, by the lesson that had been administered him. San-
dow's explanation to the police saved him from imprisonment,
and, regretting the severity of the chastisement he had inflicted,
he did not fail, while he remained in the gay capital, to call
daily upon the now penitent, but not convalescent, aggressor.
The incident had a sequel, which we have now to relate.

101

SANDOW RECEIVES THE GIFT OF A GOLD CHRONOMETER.

One evening, while exhibiting at the Tivoli Theatre, on his
return to London, a card was brought to Sandow from a
gentleman seated in one of the boxes accompanied by a party
of friends. On the card was penciled ' the admiring homage ' of
the gentleman whose name it bore, with the request that Mr.
Sandow would honour the party with his presence at the close
of his performance. Mr. Sandow complied and was warmly
received by the gentleman and his friends, who extorted from
him a promise that, after his bath at the close of the exhi-
bition, he would join the party at supper at the Hotel Savoy,
whither they proposed to adjourn. There he learned that the
gentleman who had pressed upon him the invitation was he
with whom he had had the encounter at Paris ! This gentle-
man, who had only through his visit to the Tivoli discovered
his erstwhile chastiser, was now profuse in his apologies to
him for his previous rudeness ; and with the utmost frankness
and cordiality he explained to his friends the motive he now
had to make atonement. Mr. Sandow met his host in the
same spirit of amity and greatly enjoyed the evening he spent
with him and his friends. Next day, at his rooms the strong-
man received by the hand of a valet a little box, which on
opening he found to contain, besides a polite note begging his
acceptance of the souvenir, a gold chronometer, by Bennett,
of very considerable value, with a combination of ingenious
mechanical adaptations, for striking the hours, minutes and
seconds, a perpetual calendar, and other curious and elaborate
contrivances. The gratification of Mr. Sandow may be im-
agined, for the handsome gift, it need hardly be said, came
from his Parisian friend, whom he had once used so roughly.
The chronometer, we may add, is the great athlete's daily
companion and one of the most highly-prized of his souvenir
possessions.

102

TRACKING A BRACE OF THIEVES AT NICE.

Another incident, of an amusing kind, may here be cited
to illustrate how ugly a customer Sandow may be found
should occasion call for the exercise by him of his strength.
The " noblest Eoman of them all " if the phrase will be par-
doned had been spending a holiday, in the spring of 1892,
in some of the cities of Italy and Southern France. If the
truth must be told, he had been beguiled to Monaco, where
he had won at that gambling resort 25,000 francs, and, as a
matter of course, had also speedily lost that sum with con-
siderable additions to it. As he was wending his way back
to England, he had occasion to stop at Nice, where he had had
considerable personal effects, consisting of about two thousand
pounds' worth of jewellery including prize medals, souvenirs,
and other valuables, which he desired to have sent on to
London. The whole were packed in a trunk and sent to the
railway station at Nice for its despatch to England. Sandow
had himself come to the station to arrange for the transmis-
sion of the box ; but before conferring with the agent he was
accosted by two men on the platform who proffered their
services as interpreters, and so led the railway people to infer
that they were friends of the athlete. Sandow, however, did
not require their services, as he himself spoke French, and he
turned from them to the porter and gave his own instructions
for the despatch of the trunk, getting into a carriage as he
did so, and left for Paris. In due course, he arrived at the
gay capital, and there made a halt on his journey. While
there he learned from his agent at London that the box had
been received, but, on opening it, it was found that the val-
uables had been abstracted, and their weight partly substi-
tuted by half-a- hundred of bricks ! On receipt of this start-
ling intelligence, Sandow at once returned to Nice and in-
stantly sought the railway porter to whom he had intrusted

103

his valuables. From this person he learned that when he had
set off for Paris, the two men who had addressed Sandow
on the platform, and whom the porter had taken for his
friends, had come to him, as they said at Mr. Sandow's request,
and got possession of the box, saying that they had his in-
structions' to forward it through another channel. The porter,
not doubting the story, delivered the box, and the men drove
off with it the last the railway people had seen of it. Pro-
voked at the way they had been imposed upon, the railway
authorities placed the porter at Mr. Sandow's disposal in the
efforts now made to get on the track of the depredators, who
were supposed to be still in the neighbourhood, and endeavour
to recover the lost possessions. This assistance, after a day
or two's search, was effectual, and the thieves were espied on
the street. Sandow, who, meanwhile, had refrained from
calling the police to his assistance, now acted without their
aid. He pounced upon them suddenly, and caught each man
firmly by the back of the neck. When they recovered from
their surprise and began to struggle to get free, the strong-
man brought their two heads repeatedly in contact, until
unconsciousness rendered one man limp and fright quieted the
other. Without quitting his hold of the men, Sandow dragged
them both to the station, into which he flung them, to the
surprise, and amusement of the police. It took some days for
the miscreants to recover their senses and appear before the
court : in the meantime, they owned to the crime they had
committed, and on their persons were found the pawn-tickets
which enabled Sandow to recover his impounded effects.
With the recovery of his property he refrained from prosecu-
ting its despoilers, content that by his rough handling of
them, the reader will say, he had taught them a sharp enough
lesson. Itis something to be one's own law-enforcer.

104

XIY.
SANDOW IN THE NEW WORLD.

THAT Mr. Sandow, a man of such mighty muscle, with un-
iralleled drawing powers, should be tempted of impresarios
fill a golden engagement in the New World, will be taken
a matter of course by readers of this book. Sandow's
lationality was in itself a drawing card, for the German
element is large in the United States ; large also is the class
dthin the Republic that takes a lively interest in athletics.
?hese several facts were doubtless known to Mr. Henry S.
ibbey, who made the contract with Mr. Sandow fora length-
ened engagement on this side the Atlantic. Hence it was
dth no surprise that we heard of the renowned athlete's
ieparture from England to make a professional tour of this
Continent. Nor were we surprised on other grounds, for the
roung Prussian, incited by youthful ambition, and possessing

105

the energy and enthusiasm of his nation, was himself desirous
of seeing the New World and its people ; and so he readily
embraced the overture made to him by the well-known and
enterprising theatrical manager. The result of the agree-
ment to both interested parties has already justified the
anticipations each looked for from the visit ; while public
interest, whetted as it had been by the Old World fame of the
great athlete, has, so far, in the three chief cities of the
United States, been widely gratified.

Mr. Sandow opened his American engagements at the Casino,
New York, in June of the present year (1893). He has subse-
quently appeared at the Tremont Theatre, Boston, and at the
Trocadero, Chicago. From the first his exhibitions have
been entirely successful, despite the fact that he arrived at
the close of the theatrical season. Drawn to them were not
only large and delighted audiences, including thousands of
sporting men and amateurs and professionals devoted to the
study of athletics, but crowds also of medical men, physiolo-
gists and anatomists of note, who viewed with critical but
admiring eye the great athlete's wonderful muscular develop-
ment and surpassingly fine physique. Instructors and pupils
from the New York gymnasia and from all manner of ath-
letic associations came to the Casino in full force and were
enthusiastic in their applause of Sandow's varied feats. Nor
was the Press, with its wonted enterprise and ready intelli-
gence, less cordial in its reception of the wonderfully-endowed
newcomer, whose advent was hailed with such general and
hearty acclaim. Notable among the journalistic greetings of
Sandow in the New York Press were those which appeared in
the great metropolitan organs, The World and The Herald.
Each of these newspapers devoted much space, in successive
issues, to biographical and professional facts respecting the
renowned strongman, with accounts of interviews and other
descriptive matter bearing on Mr. Sandow's rare physical

106

endowment and extraordinary performances. The World
published two such articles, both illustrated, one chronicling
Sandow's feats and giving an abstract of his various Old
World achievements ; the other detailing a physical examina-
tion of the strongman by a scientific expert, Dr. D. A. Sargent,
Director of the Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard University.
The Herald also published an interesting illustrated article
on the dSbut of "this modern marvel of physical power, beside
whom the average man is puny," to quote the journal's apt
characterization, with the recital of an interview by its re-
porter. From these representative newspapers we shall tak
the liberty of drawing some facts of probable interest to the
reader.

THE NEW YORK WORLD ON SANDOW.

In the first of The World's articles (June 18, 1893), its readers are
thus introduced to Sandow. We quote from a passage in which the
reporter has expressed the opinion that while nature had set out to
make " a conspicuously fine job " of Sandow's physical frame, he had,
by training, " made himself a great deal better man than Nature
intended him to be." " In preparing the mind for -a description and
conception of this wonderful human being," says The World, " it is
necessary to abandon all former notions concerning possibilities in
physical development. Nothing that has ever been seen in New
York can be used as a standard of comparison to measure the won-
derful young German who has just come here. Compared with
Sandow, Corbett, the fighter, is like a lean spring-chicken beside a
well-muscled bull-dog, and the professional strong man of circuses
and museums, with their pretentious bunches of muscle, seem weak
and unimpressive.

"A proper way to introduce Sandow is to outline briefly some of
the things which he can do. Sandow can lift a 500-pound weight
with his middle finger. He promptly took up in London an indi-
vidual who bet that he could not perform this feat.

" He can break good-sized iron rods across his arms and legs, but

107

does that rarely because he considers the achievement trivial. He
takes in his right hand a dumb-bell with an enormous sphere at
either end. In each of these spheres a man is concealed. He lifts
the dumb-bell and the two men above his head with one hand.

"He can take a good-sized man with one hand, and without any
sign of effort use the man's body for a musket and give an imitation
of a regulation drill. He can oblige any friend he has in the world
by letting the friend sit on the palm of his hand and then lifting
him in the air above his head as easily as the average man would
lift a small-sized dog.

" He places himself upon the floor with his chest upward and sup-
ported only by his hands and feet, his body forming a bridge. A
gang-plank is placed across his chest and three horses stand upon
this at one time, with no support except that which the chest offers.
Two of the horses are small horses and the third is not enormous ;
but the weight of the smallest horse would more than satisfy the
chest of the ordinary strongman.

" He has wrestled with three men at one time, all expert wrestlers,
all bigger than he, and has stretched first one and then another flat,
using one hand to a man and incidentally preventing the other two
from tripping or otherwise throwing him.

" Sandow's actual feats of strength, however, do not make up his
strongest claim to attention and veneration. The great point is
that the man who does all of these things is only 5 feet 8 inches
high, and does them because he has developed to the highest point
every separate muscle in his body.

" There are thousands of men in the world who would tower from
six inches to a foot above him and who weigh nearly twice as much,
but it is not likely that any one could equal even the sheer brute
strength of this German bunch of muscle which weighs exactly 200
pounds, is 5 feet 8^- inches in height, and within 2 inches of 5 feet
around the chest, when fully expanded.

" The measurements of the man's chest and waist perhaps give the
best conception of his wonderful conformation. Around the waist
he measures twenty-nine inches ; around the chest, when fully ex-
panded, as has been said, he measures fifty-eight inches ; his waist,

108

therefore, is not much bigger around than Mrs. Langtry's, and his
chest is a good deal bigger around than Grover Cleveland's. Grover
Cleveland, Mrs. Langtry, and the entire public must be interested in
such figures as these. They are based on accurate and careful
measurements. It is needless to say, that when this young man
spreads out his chest and draws in his waist, his body from the
shoulders down to the hips, looks like a very sharp wedge of pink
muscle. The writer, who called upon Mr. San do w and examined
carefully his mental and physical make-up, has had the pleasure of
studying numerous types of the muscular human being. He has
studied the finest specimens of manhood to be found in the German
gymnasiums, but he experienced an entirely new and unexpected
series of sensations upon beholding Eugene Sandow.

" In private life this young man is a very pleasing type of the sim-
ple-minded German. His head is shaped exactly like the heads on
the old statues of Hercules. The forehead is low and rather broad.
The head is not quite straight up and down behind, but with only
slight development. It is thickly covered with a short crop of tight
golden curls, each one looking as though it had been specially,
fixed up with a hot iron ; but the curliness is perfectly natural. The
impressive muscular feature about Sandow, as seen fully clothed, is
his neck. This neck, which is padded on either side with muscles
about as big as a young girl's wrists, is nearly twenty inches round,
almost as big round as the head above it. It wouldn't be a bad
neck for a small bull. It is a wonderful neck for any man.
His face is a pleasant face ; his eye, which is gray, shows the char-
acter which has made him the man he is and which enables him to
attempt with absolute confidence and calmness the various feats
that fill his audiences with delight and make him rich.

" Sandow has a method of his own to develop the muscles. It
consists in various exercises with two dumb-bells weighing five
pounds each. He declares that with these dumb-bells he has de-
veloped, not only the muscles which everybody can see on the out-

109

side of his body, but internal muscles which strengthen the walls of
his chest, enable his heart and other organs to endure great strains
and assure him a long life. He does not take special care of himself
in the way of eating or drinking. Beer and wine are not strangers
to him and tobacco is his intimate friend. He leaves brandy alone,
however, as he does similar poisons. An interesting feature of San-
dow's method of training is that he can train very well sitting on a
chair. He can sit down and read a paper and keep his muscles
working all the while, so that all development of fat is rendered
impossible and his strength is kept up to the highest pitch.

" Sandow is living now (June, 1893), at No. 210 West Thirty-eighth
street. With him there lives a friend, Mr. Martinus Sieveking, who
is a very able pianist. Mr. Sieveking is a Dutchman. His musical
compositions have already attracted considerable attention in Lon-
don, and he is an unusually brilliant artist. He and Sandow are
bosom friends. He thinks that Sandow is a truly original Hercules,
and that no one has ever lived to be compared to him. Sandow
thinks that Mr. Sieveking is the greatest pianist in the world and
that he is going to be greater. It is pleasant to see them together.
Mr. Sieveking, who is a very earnest musician, practices from seven
to eight hours a day on a big three-legged piano. He is decidedly
in earnest. He practices in very hot weather stripped to the waist.
While he plays, Sandow sits beside him on a chair listening to the
music and working his muscles. He is fond of the music, and Sie-
veking likes to see Sandow's muscles work. Both enjoy themselves
and neither loses any time.

"Mr. Sandow, at the suggestion of his friend, Mr. Sieveking, was
kind enough to demonstrate the fact that even in his every-day
apparel it is possible for him to manifest his strength. He held up
his right hand and requested the visitor to grasp his forearm. Then
he closed his hand and bent his muscle till a lump rose up on his
arm above the wrist which was certainly as big as a very large
orange. That lump represented the force which Sandow could put
into the act of closing his fingers. A feature of this young giant's
life is the constant desire of those with whom he comes in contact
to compete with him in some way or other. Since his arrival in

110

New York he has already had one challenge which, however, was
withdrawn.

" Sandow's performance began on the Casino stage at 10:30. It
followed the performance of Dixey. Incidentally a fine chance to
compare Sandow with the average, well-developed man is offered
each night. Dixey, as Adonis, at the end of his performance takes
his place on a pedestal and poses as a statue. The curtain goes
down and rises again to reveal Sandow also posing. New York has
come to look upon Dixey as a fairly well-made young man. When
New York has seen Sandow after Dixey, however, New York will
realize what a wretched, scrawny creature the usual well-built young
gentleman is compared with a perfect man. Sandow, posing in va-
rious statuesque attitudes, is not only inspiring because of his enor-
mous strength, but absolutely beautiful as a work of art as well.

" One look at him is enough to make the average young man thor-
oughly disgusted with himself, and to make him give up his nightly
habit of standing in front of his glass in his pajamas and swelling
his chest with pride. Sandow's performance showed what swelling
the chest can amount to when it is properly done. He expelled the
air from his lungs so that the walls of his chest collapsed and his
body seemed to shrink together. Then he gradually began to fill him-
self with air and to swell out the muscles of his chest. The develop-
ment was so tremendous that it was almost painful to look at. Be-
low his arm-pits the muscles swelled out so that his arms were forced
outward and hung at an angle of 40 degrees with his body.

" The regulation performance that Sandow goes through with now
is lifting two men hidden in a dumb-bell above his head with one
hand, allowing three horses to stand balanced on his chest, playing
with heavy weights, and lifting a man up in an extraordinary way
by the muscles of his back, a feat which is called in the programme
the Roman Column.' To prove that agility accompanies his great
strength, he takes in each hand a weight of fifty-six pounds and,
with his feet tied together and his eyes blindfolded, turns a somer-
sault backward.

Ill

" Five minutes after the curtain went down Sandow, clothed only
in his muscular development, was found crouching in a rubber bath-
tub in his dressing-room, while an attendant with a rubber pipe
doused huii with cold water. That was the chance to study San-
dow. At first he appeared annoyed because the end of his perform-
ance found him in a perspiration. He wished it to be understood
that it was not his performance of lifting two men with one hand or
holding three horses on his chest that made him perspire. It was
the heat on the stage, and he called up his assistant as witness. The
assistant, who had nothing to do but to help half a dozen other men to
carry weights, was wet through with perspiration. This fact relieved
Sandow's pride. He said that in winter he never perspired at all,
and that he did not strain himself.

" Taking his visitor's hand he placed it upon his heart, which had
lately helped to support three horses, and called attention to the fact
that there was no violent beating. In fact, the action of the heart
could not be felt at all through the thick coating of muscle.

" SAXDOW'S GREAT HITTING POWEB.

" When he had had his bath, Sandow, with the fond pride of a
mother displaying a large family of children, proceeded to display
his collection of muscles, one at a time, and to dwell modestly but
lovingly upon their merits. He held up his right arm and made the
various muscles move about. The picture of the arm, which is
often reproduced, gives but a faint conception of what it is in real life.
There are very few men in New York who have as much muscle in
both legs as Sandow has in that arm. The marvellous thing about
it is the development of the triceps. It is the triceps which is used
in extending the arm and giving a blow. The triceps in Sandow's
arm is very much bigger than the calf of an ordinary strongman's
leg. Sandow called attention especially to his triceps, because at the
Manhattan Club he had been asked whether his great exertions had
not made his muscles stiff and hard, thus rendering him incapable
of hitting a hard blow. He showed tremendous speed in his move-
ments in illustrating his hitting power, and incidentally declared

112

SANDOVV A STUDY.

Sarony P'

SANDOW. CLASSICAL POSES.

Sarony Photo.

that he would undertake, with his knuckles protected, to drive his
fist through a two-inch board. There is no doubt that he could do
it. There is also no doubt that he could kill any man with a blow
very easily. He could crush in the chest, break the neck, or fracture
the skull of any man, and not use one-half his strength. Sandow
was informed that in this country men got as much as $40,000 for a
single fight. He admitted that that was a shorter road to wealth
than the 50,000 dollars a year which he makes by exhibiting him-
self, but declared that he never would be a prize-fighter. ' You can't
engage in a prize-fight and be a gentleman,' said Sandow. ' I care
more about keeping my friends than making money.'

" Sandow went on to call attention to certain muscles which in
most men are but slightly developed or have practically no existence.
He swelled out his chest, and on either side of it five big muscles
rose up. It looked as though five ribs on either side were coming
through the skin. As a matter of fact, the ribs were not visible.
What was seen was the muscle which lies over each rib, and which
on the ordinary man is entirely undeveloped. Each of these muscles
was twice as big round as a man's thumb, and the five on each side
stood out as distinctly as though a great hand had been placed on
either side of the athlete's chest.

" Xext, the strongman pointed with pride to a muscle on the out-
side of his leg just below the waist. Each muscle, as he came to it,
he called by its scientific name, for Sandow has studied medicine at
Brussels, and understands anatomy. This particular muscle on the
hip with most men amounts to nothing. In Sandow's case it is about
as big as the leg of an old-fashioned rocking-chair.

"To show the muscles of his back, Sandow stood erect with his
arms behind his head. The way the muscles are piled up on his.
back is most ingenious. They are so thick, so deep, that the back-
bone, which is quite invisible, runs along at the bottom of a deep
gorge, which extends from the nape of the neck to the loins.

" Mr. Sandow was especially pleased with the muscle which he
called his trapesius muscle, that is the muscle which runs from the
neck over the shoulder to the top of the arm, and which accounts for
the fact that all men of extraordinary strength have sloping shoulders.

113

A man without sloping shoulders is a man with poor muscular
development. Sandow's shoulders slope as much as it is possible for
them to do. His neck seems to melt away into his chest. His trape-
sius muscle, which he fondly loves, is as thick through as the back of
a man's hand, as broad, and thicker in some places.

" It will be observed that in some of his pictures Mr. Sandow
appears to have a corrugated stomach. This is due to the perfect
development of a set of muscles destined to protect the abdomen, but
neglected and undeveloped with most of us. On Sandow's stomach
these muscles stand out distinctly, each about as big as a man's
wrist. He invited his visitors to run their closed knuckles violently
up and down this collection of stomach muscles. The effect was
that of rubbing the knuckles up and down an old-fashioned wash-
board.

"From his teeth, with which he can support the weight of a
good-sized horse, down to his feet, Sandow is thoroughly developed.
Every muscle stands out by itself and appears to be under perfect
control.

" His object is to bring out and utilize all the strength that is in
him, and his success, which is absolute, makes him beyond ques-
tion, so far as is known and so far as record goes, the nearest to
physical perfection of any living man. It will be a good thing for
young men and for boys to study Sandow. It will fill them with
ambition to be like him and may add to their wealth, which, in his
case, he thoroughly deserves.

" SANDOW'S INCREASING STRENGTH.

" An interesting fact is the constant increase in Sandow's strength.
He is very much more powerful now than he was when he went to
London a few years ago and easily defeated Samson and his pupil,
Cyclops, then reputed to be the two strongest men in the world.
That particular contest, which was umpired by the Marquis of
Queensberry and Lord De Clifford, attracted one hundred thousand
Londoners to the neighbourhood of the Aquarium and packed that
institution as it had never been packed before. It is difficult to find

114

in history any man to compare with Sandow, unless one goes back
to the far-off days when Samson was edited by Delilah. Thomas
Topham, the famous strongman of England, may have been as good
a man as Sandow in actual brute strength ; but he was very much
bigger in build and far less interesting as a demonstration of the
possibilities of muscular development. Topham is the man who,
iccording to tradition, pulled successfully against two horses,
carried off a sleeping watchman in his sentry-box to leave him
in a graveyard, lifted three casks of water at one time weigh-
ing eighteen hundred pounds, and lived in terror of a very small
wife.

The New York Herald, of Sunday, June 18th, also devoted
a number of columns to Sandow's advent in the New World,
with an interesting, though necessarily brief, account of his
career. Having ourselves dealt, in the preceding pages, with
the biography, our extract from the Herald will be confined
within the following brief limits :

INTERVIEWED BY THE NEW YORK HERALD,

" Perhaps the strongest man," writes the Herald, " whom the world
has seen since Samson destroyed himself along with three thousand
Philistines, is in New York just now. He is not slaying thousands
with the jawbone of an ass, carrying off ponderous gates like those
of Gaza on his shoulders, nor pulling down stone houses on himself
and others, but he is doing feats in lifting dumb-bells, men and
horses, that make cold chills chase one another up and down the
spine of the beholder.

" Eugene Sandow, this modern marvel of physical power, beside
rtiom the average man is puny, made his American debut in the

sino recently before a private gathering of about two hundred
persons, many of whom were medical men. It was hard for the
spectators, when a calcium light was turned on the figure standing
Dn a pedestal in the back of the darkened stage, to believe that it
was indeed flesh and blood that they beheld. Such knots and

115

bunches and layers of muscle they had never before seen other than
on the statue of an Achilles, a Discobolus, or the Fighting Gladiator.

" SAXDOW'S BOYISH FACE.

" The face was that of little more than a boy smooth, with rosy
cheeks and a little blond moustache. The chin, however, was square
and heavy. The neck was massive, and the shoulders seemed a
yard apart. The arms looked as though hickory-nuts and walnuts
had somehow been forced under the skin, causing it to bulge out in
abrupt lumps. Layers of muscle, three inches thick, covered the
chest, and on the abdomen was a succession of rolls of muscle that
one could tell even from a distance of several yards were hard as
iron.

" Sandow's vital organs are undoubtedly as sound as his muscles.
The capacity of his lungs is simply wonderful. The popular idea
that strong men develop their muscular system at the expense of
the vital organs is fallacious. TO increase the size of the muscles
the circulation must be increased, and this implies, of course, in-
creased work by heart and lungs. The functional capacity of these
organs is therefore increased proportionately to the increase of
muscle.

" Sandow, in ordinary street dress, gives no indication of the won-
derful power he possesses. There are many athletes and oarsmen
who look just as strong as he to the casual observer. It is when
one touches him or sees him stripped that one gets an idea of his
vast strength.

"MUSCLES HARD AS WOOD.

" His muscles, when flexed, are as unyielding to the touch as iron,
When Sandow strikes himself on a muscle with his hand, it gives
forth a sound like wood. An idea of the size of Sandow's muscles
may be gained by the measurement of various parts of his body.
The figures, as Sandow gave them to me, are as follows :

"Neck, 18 inches ; biceps, 19 inches ; forearm, 17 inches ; chest,
normal, 52 inches ; contracted, 46 inches ; expanded, 58 inches ;

116

waist, 29 inches; thigh, 26 inches; calf, 18 inches; height, 5 feet
8 inches ; weight, 199 pounds.*

" Sando w does not believe in elaborate training. ' Under my system
of getting strong,' said he, ' a man need but follow his ordinary course
of life and take reasonably good care of himself. No dietetic regula-
tions are needed. Let him eat and drink whatever suits him. As
for sleeping, I don't think it makes any great difference when he
sleeps, provided he gets sleep enough. I myself go to bed any time

jtween midnight and three o'clock in the morning. I eat when-
ever, whatever, and as much as I please. I drink all I can get.
Yes ; beer, ale, wines, champagne, cognac everything. But I never
drink to excess. I take a very cold water bath every morning and
another after my performance at night. Exercise ? Yes, a little
what I get in my regular performance.'

"GETTING STRONGER EVERY YEAR.

; Sandow says he is getting stronger every year, and expects to
keep increasing in strength for years to come. Before he gives up
professional work, he says he will write a book explaining his
system. He will also give personal instructions to those who want
to become strong.

" The feats which Sandow performs on the stage seem nothing
less than marvellous. He handles fifty-six pound dumb-bells as a
schoolboy would handle weights of two pounds each. He is not in
the least muscle-bound and turns somersaults and handsprings with
the ease of a professional acrobat. One of his tricks is to turn a

3k somersault with his feet tied together, his eyes blindfolded, and

fifty-six pound dumb-bell in each hand.

" In his nightly performance at the Casino, four men carry on the
stage an immense dumb-bell, the bar of which is of brass about four
feet long, and the bells, which are hollow, three feet in diameter
With great effort Sandcw raises the bell over his head with one arm.
then dropping it suddenly, catches it with both hands and places it

* Mr. Sandow's present measurements are as follows : Neck, 18 inches ;
forearm, 16 inches ; biceps, 19 inches ; chest relaxed, 40 inches ; normal, 47
inches : expanded, 61 inches ; waist, 28 inches : thigh, 27 inches ; calf, 18
inches ; height, 5 feet 8 inches ; weight, 196 pounds. EDITOR.

117

lightly on the floor, whereupon the attendants release a man from
each bell. The total weight of the apparatus and men is about
three hundred and twenty pounds.

"HOLDING UP THREE HORSES.

" Another feat is that of supporting with his arms and legs the
weight of three horses. Sandow rests on his hands and feet with
his back towards the floor. A heavy wooden platform is then placed
on him, resting on his shoulders, chest, and knees. This platform
is constructed to fit about the neck to prevent its slipping or moving
in any way. " A long wooden bridge is then placed across the plat-
form, and three trained horses walk upon the bridge. They remain
there for about a minute, while every muscle of the giant underneath
stands out like whipcord. The weight of the animals and apparatus
is said to be 2,600 pounds."

118

XV.

SANDOW AS A PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY.

INTEREST in Sandow as a physiological study has always heeu
intense. The finely-formed limbs, the great thews, the Ti-
tanic strength, and the splendid heart and lung-power of the
famous athlete, have been the admiration of countless medical
men and artists in the nude. What has, also, especially struck
the medical expert, and chiefly, the anatomist, is Sandow's
wonderful power of relaxing antagonistic muscles and bring-
ing each into individual play. His facility in this respect is
phenomenal, and shows how thorough, and at the same time
intelligent, has been his training. A hardly less notable
feature in the great athlete is his suppleness of limb and the
shapeliness and symmetry of his person. Herein we see the
secret of Greek art, as modelled in its famous sculpture, for
nature may be trusted to impart physical beauty where the

119

conditions of bodily life and exercise are favourable to the
highest forms of human development. Sandow's attraction
to those we have referred to, and to all lovers of the strong
and the beautiful, may therefore be comprehended, for "creeds
decay, scholarship grows musty, and the wisdom of one
generation becomes the foolishness of the next ; but beauty
endures forever."

EXAMINED BY DR. SARGENT, OF HARVARD.

Among those in America who have made Sandow a physi-
ological and anatomical study, is Dr. D. A. Sargent, M. A.,
the skilled and enthusiastic Director of Gymnastics at Har-
vard, previously referred to. This eminent authority in
athletics, at the request of the New York World, made a
professional examination of Sandow, and subjected him to a
series of elaborate measurements and interesting tests, such
as are applied to the Harvard undergraduates entering the
Hemenway Gymnasium. Dr. Sargent has courteously per-
mitted the publication in these pages of his report, which is
here appended ; and we owe our obligations to the World for
the use we also make of the article which appeared in that
journal giving an account of Dr. Sargent's examination.

" The first thing," says Dr. Sargent, " that struck me when I saw
Sandow stripped was the extraordinary size of the muscles as com-
pared with that of the bones. His skeleton is not large, as is easily
seen in the girth of his wrist and ankles, but the bones are exceed-
ingly fine. The muscles are also of very fine quality. The fibres
are unusually small, but they are much more numerous than in the
case of the average athlete, a fact which accounts for their great
bulk. His muscles in certain regions, notably on the upper arms and
back, are developed to an extraordinary degree. The trapezius and
extensors and flexors of the legs and thighs are also tremendous.
The muscles of the pectoral are not so large relatively as the deltoid,

120

biceps and triceps. This is probably due to the character of the
feats he performs every night.

"Another distinguishing characteristic is his voluntary control
of his muscles. He can relax and contract them at will, and the
fact that he is able to relax antagonizing muscles is a great aid in
performing feats of strength. He is able to employ only such mus-
cles as are necessary, and there is thus very little wasted energy.

" HJ is remarkably well-balanced in temperament. This may be
seen in the shape of the head and poise of the features. In this re-
spect he differs from most very strong men. His body is relatively
quite long, and his arms and legs relatively shorter. His head
comes under what is known as the 80 per cent, class, which shows
the possession of the great amount of nervous energy which he
throws into his work and enables him to perform his wonderful
feats.

" I have found it to be a rule that strong, large men are slow in
their movements, and inclined to be dull and stupid. But when
you come to put Sandow to the test you find that for a man of his
power he is very quick. His time-reaction as shown by the electri-
cal instruments was truly remarkable, and the fact that the speed
of his arm in a forward movement was almost equal to that of Mr.
Donovan, who is a man of acknowledged agility and with much less
muscle than Sandow, is, I think, extraordinary.

" A peculiarity about Sandow in taking a deep breath is that he
fills the top of the chest first. You will find it usually the case
that a man will naturally begin to fill his lungs at the bottom. But
in the machine registering the normal breathing movement it was
seen that the abdominal breathing was greater than the thoracic.
This is as it should be, though I find it rarely among athletes at
Harvard. His breathing is also remarkably synchronous.

"Altogether Sandow is the most wonderful specimen of man I
have ever seen. He is strong, active and graceful, combining the
characteristics of Apollo, Hercules, and the ideal athlete. There
is not the slightest evidence of sham about him. On the contrary,
he is just what he pretends to be. His behaviour under the tests was
admirable. I might add that he combines with his other qualities

121

those of a perfect gentleman. He has a considerable knowledge of
anatomy, and can call the muscles by their proper names. I shall
be glad to have him come and lecture before the students of Har-
vard. It will be a treat for them to see a man of his physical de-
velopment, and will doubtless act as a stimulus. It is a curious fact
that a' very strong man always has a host of imitators."

"THE STRONGEST MAN MEASURED.

Herewith is appended the New York World's report of the
incidents occurring at the examination conducted by Dr.
Sargent :

"By special arrangement with the Sunday World, Dr. Sargent,
the medical examiner and physical adviser at Harvard University,
came to New York last week and made a thorough anatomical test of
Sandow, the strongest man in the world. The test was entirely
satisfactory. After it was over, Dr. Sargent said that Sandow was
everything he said he was, and that he had never before, in all his
long experience with Harvard athletes, seen such a wonderfully de-
veloped specimen of manhood. The examination was made in a large
room in a hotel on Broadway, near Sandow's boarding-house. The
room was supplied before Sandow's arrival with a very interesting
set of apparatus, designed to test almost every possible exercise of tha
muscles. There were instruments to blow in, to determine your force
of expiration ; a machine to find out how many pounds you can lift,
another to see how hard you can squeeze, another to register the
power of the muscles of the chest, another to measure the exact
amount of air you can take into your lungs. There was also an
electrical apparatus which was so contrived that it recorded on a
cylinder, covered with a thin coating of lampblack, etchings show-
ing how regularly you breathe, and the relative proportion of breath-
ing done by the abdomen to that done by the chest. There were
also a set of scales ; while Dr. Sargent's secretary, who was present,
took down the measurements.

" When Sandow entered the room he had on a suit of steel-gray

122

clothes, with a cut-away coat. Clothing, as a rule, effectually conceals
a man's physical development, which is in most cases a fortunate
circumstance from an artistic point of view. But it is easy to see
that Sandow, even when dressed, possesses marvellous muscular
power. His coat bulges out about the chest and back, in curious
contrast to the waist, which is as small as a woman's.

" After removing as much clothing as possible, he stood before Dr.
Sargent, a fine example of what nature intended man to be. The
muscles of his back, arms, legs, and sides stood out in great welts.
His finely-moulded head, more like those on ancient statues than you
will find in many a day's search, his small waist, and his slender
ankles, were in artistic contrast to his wealth of muscle. At this
early stage in the proceedings, Dr. Sargent began to be surprised.
He was much more surprised later on.

" Sandow was first asked to step on the scales and be weighed.
The beam tipped at 180 pounds. This is slightly less than his usual
weight, and he attributes the falling off to the recent hot spell. It
is interesting to know that this is the exact weight that Dr. Sargent
assigns to the typical athlete, a statue of which, constructed on
purely scientific measurements, he has sent to the World's Fair.
Sandow's height was then found to be 5 feet 8 inches. The other
measurements that coincided with Dr. Sargent's ideal were those of
the length of the foot and the girth of the ankles. In all other dimen-
sions, especially those of the muscles on the arms and back, Sandow
was considerably larger than the model.

" Among the instruments that Dr. Sargent had provided was an
apparatus with two handles fixed to either end of a short steel bar.
To this bar was attached a semi-circular plane, with an indicator
that moved along a scale, showing the number of kilometers of force
exerted when the handles were pressed together. One ambitious
person present, after pushing on these handles until he was very
red in the face, made the indicator go half-way round. Another
gentleman, who is a good deal stronger than one might suppose,
made it move around a little further. Sandow then took hold and
pressed. The indicator went round until it had passed the last
registering mark, and was stopped by a little steel knob. If tha f .

123

hadn't been there the indicator might have described a complete
circle. This was one of the features of the examination that espe-
cially surprised Dr. Sargent.

" There was another apparatus with an indicator to show how
many pounds you can lift. Sandow attacked this until the indicator
registered 440 kilos. This is about 1,000 pounds, but Sandow ex-
pressed himself as very much disappointed with the result. There
was nothing to show for the tremendous amount of muscular power
exerted beyond the gradual moving of a little steel arrow along a
graduated scale.

" ' If you want feats of strength,' he said, ' I will show you some-
thing.'

" He then asked for the heaviest man in the room. This proved to
be Dr. Sargent himself. He had been weighed earlier in the morn-
ing and had tipped the scales at 175 pounds. After expressing his
regret that there was no one heavier at hand, Sandow required the
doctor to stand with his back towards a table placed in the centre of
the room. Sandow knelt down and laid his right hand flat on the
floor, with the palm turned up, and asked the doctor to stand on it
with one foot. Then, taking a firm hold, he raised the eminent phy-
sician rapidly but easily to the top of the table, whence he removed
him as gently as a mother would her child. The most remarkable
thing about this performance was that the lifting was done with a
straight arm. There was not the slightest bending at the elbow.
This was another instance at which the doctor was considerably sur-
prised. It was certainly a wonderful feat, and far more impressive
as an object lesson than pulling at the machines, though of course
that was valuable as a scientific test.

"There was still another machine, which was designed to be
placed between the knees and which registered the power of com-
pression of the legs. Sandow was also disappointed with this. He
did not take much satisfaction in moving the indicator, no matter
how much it registered. So he asked the doctor to sit in a chair
opposite him with his knees tight together. Sandow then sat down
with his knees pressing against those of the doctor, and told the
latter to force his legs apart. Dr. Sargent tugged and strained, but

124

his legs remained locked as in a vise. The situation was reversed,
and Sandow pushed the doctor's legs apart as easily as though they
had been wisps of hay. As an illustration of his leg power, Sandow
said that once an experiment was made in which a horse was
hitched to each knee and then started ahead with the purpose of
pulling his legs apart. The horses were unable to budge an inch.
Sandow then separated his legs and the horses were again started.
The knees came together and the horses were pulled back. This
would be a difficult story to believe in the case of anybody but San-
dow. In the old days, when it was the fashion in England to draw
and quarter people for imaginary offences, it is likely that Sandow
would have escaped unhurt if he had been subjected to this mode of
punishment.

"WONDERFUL ABDOMINAL MUSCLES.

" Sandow afforded another illustration of his wonderful strength,
this time selecting the muscles of his abdomen as the means of still
further surprising Dr. Sargent. Most persons are not aware
that they have muscles on their abdomen, and, in fact, they might
as well be without them, for they seldom put them to the use in-
tended by nature, that of protecting the intestines and stomach.
On Sandow th6se muscles are revealed in numerous rolls, which
when contracted are very hard, and when you rub your hand up
and down them feel like a corrugated iron roof. Dr. Sargent was
again called into requisition. Sandow lay down on the floor and
asked the doctor to stand on his abdomen. After the doctor had
assumed this pedestal, Sandow remained for a moment with the
muscles relaxed. Then he suddenly contracted them, and the doc-
tor went shooting up into the air. He said afterwards that that was
the first time he had ever jumped from a human spring-board.

" It is usually true of very strong men that they are more or less
phlegmatic in their movements. This is accounted for by the fact
that one set of muscles often impedes the action of the others. The
biceps and triceps, for example, are what are called antagonistic
muscles. That is, when one contracts it has to overcome the natu-

125

ral tendency of the other to work in the opposite direction. For
this reason big, strong men are often slow in getting about. San-
do w, however, is peculiarly constituted. He has the faculty of
using only those muscles that are required for a particular motion.
When rejaxed his arm is as soft as a child's, but when contracted it
feels like steel. Dr. Sargent said he had never before seen such re-
markable control of the muscles as Sandow has of his. On occasion
Sandow can put into prominence any one of the muscles of the body.
By a twist of the wrist he can make a muscle appear on the fore-
arm which the ordinary man does not know he possesses. By twist-
ing his head a little, he can make another on the back protrude.
He is thoroughly familiar with his own anatomy, and knows all of
his parts by their scientific names.

" In still another respect he differs greatly from the average strong-
man. Dr. Sargent has an apparatus, consisting of a long wooden
rule, to which is attached a wire, running parallel with the edge.
This wire is divided in the middle, and on either side is a small but-
ton, which may be moved along a scale. The object of this device
is to see how near you may come to guessing exact distances. On
one side of the wire the button is placed half- way between the end
and the middle of the rule, and you are asked to arrange the other
button a like distance from its end. Sandow did this with wonder-
ful accuracy. In all his attempts he seldom failed t6 place the but-
ton at the right point. This shows that he possesses in a remark-
able degree what Dr. Sargent calls the power of perception. In
other words, his organism is not merely strong but is fine as well.

"INGENIOUS ELECTRICAL TESTS.

" A series of very interesting tests was made with the electrical
machine already mentioned, which registered the quantity and quality
of breathing. Two fine needles were made to trace markings on a
piece of blackened paper. One of these needles was so arranged
that it indicated the breathing done by the abdomen, and the other
that done by the chest. The average athlete breathes very little
with his abdomen, but the ideal athlete uses it almost altogether.

126

When the apparatus was attached to Sandow, the needles began
a slow up-and-down movement. When he drew in his breath the
needles moved up, and when he expelled the air taken into his lungs
the needles moved down. Dr. Sargent handed Sandow a paper to
read, and asked him to distract his attention as far as possible from
his surroundings. Then the spectators gathered about the machine.
The upper needle, which accounted for the movements of the chest,
rose and fell with a regular movement, making a mark about half
an inch long. Meanwhile, the other needle moved as slowly and as
regularly, but made marks three times as long. If you observe a
dog carefully, you will see that his breathing is apparently done in
the abdomen. Sandow breathes very much like a dog, and there-
fore in the way intended by nature. A woman breathes, ordinarily,
chiefly with her chest, owing to the constriction of her clothing.
Dr. Sargent says this is injurious, and advises loose waists. The
pieces of paper on which Sandow's breathing was registered were
afterwards treated with shellac, and will be preserved as an exam-
ple for students at Harvard.

"SPEED IN DELIVERING A BLOW.

" Among the spectators present, was Mr. Michael Donovan, the in-
structor of boxing at the New York Athletic Club. Mr. Donovan
enjoys the deserved reputation of being one of the most skilful and
agile boxers in the country. He can strike a blow with surprising
quickness. Therefore, in any test for determining the speed of a
forward movement of the arm, he must be a good man who can hold
his own with Mr. Donovan. There are very few such. Yet San-
dow, with a vastly greater muscular force to overcome, can shoot
out his arm almost as rapidly. This fact was determined by means
of another electrical apparatus, so arranged that the time taken by
the fist in passing through a given distance is accurately measured.
It was shown that in sixteen trials the average time occupied by
Sandow's fist in passing through a distance of 15 75-100 inches was
11-100 of a second. Donovan's speed in ten trials averaged 8-100 of

127

a second. This is a very small difference. But in a variation of the
same test Sandovv had the better of Mr. Donovan. A small flag
was made to drop by pressing an electric button. A device, was
arranged to discover the exact interval between the dropping of the
flag and- the moment when the person undergoing the experiment
made up his mind to perform a certain action. The test was pre-
cisely the same as in the case of a sprinter, who waits for the falling
of a flag or the firing of a pistol to get under way. Out of sixteen
trials, it took an average of 22-100 of a second for Sandow to make
up his mind. Mr. Donovan's time, under the same circumstances,
the average being taken from ten trials, was 23-100 of a second, just
1-100 of a second slower. Sandow's maximum was 26-100, and his
minimum 18-100 of a second. Mr. Donovan's maximum was 26-100
and his minimum 15-100. The same experiments were tried with
the ringing of an electric bell substituted for the falling of the flag.
The results were about the same as in the previous trials.

" When the doctor had finished his tests, Sandow gave a short ex-
hibition for the benefit of the spectators. First, he expelled all the
air from his lungs, reducing his chest to its smallest possible girth.
Then, after taking a few deep breaths, he filled his lungs to their ut-
most capacity. The difference in the measurements was fourteen
inches. The ordinary big-chested man is proud when he can exhibit
an expansion of six inches."

128

XVI.
SANDOW SPEAKS FOR HIMSELF.

HIS VIEWS ON PHYSICAL TRAINING, DIETING, BATHING,
EXERCISING, ETC., ETC.

" SANDOW, as a muscular phenomenon is of comparatively
limited interest to the public, save as an exciting, and doubt-
less engaging, curiosity ; but Sandow, as the culmination of a
system which will enable even the weakest to attain a perfect
physical development, is an object of stupendous interest to
everybody." The above forceful dictum is the shrewd and
frankly -phrased judgment of the publishers of this work, ex-
pressed in a letter of instructions to the editor on his under-
taking his congenial task. The writer takes the liberty to
preface this section of the book with the intelligent observa-
tion, as it is helpful in indicating the scope and design of what,

129

if we do not fail in our purpose, ought to be the most impor-
tant and serviceable division of the work. In a matter of
such paramount moment, the difficulty is not so much to
recognize the importance of the real issue, as to lay the finger
precisely upon those forces, physical and temperamental,
which, in Mr. Sandow's case, have been at work in the evolu-
tion and equipment of the athlete, and have made him the
structurally perfect type of man he has become. The inquiry
is somewhat simplified by our having to leave out hereditary
gifts, of any abnormal kind, among the accounting factors
for Mr. Sandow's rare physical attainments and phenomenal
strength. A careful inquiry has elicited the fact that Mr.
Sandow, as we have elsewhere stated, was no youthful prod-
igy physical or mental and inherited from his parents
little beyond a well-made but normal frame, and a healthy
but by no means vigorous infantile constitution. What he
has become, therefore, is the result of his own earnest, persist-
ent and assiduous training, coupled with a temperamental
predisposition to all manner of health- giving exercises, with
an aesthetic eye for beauty and grace of physical form. To an
innate love of the beautiful and the strong, the influence of
education has to be added, in the direction it gave to young
Sandow's classical studies, and the ability to appreciate, as
was exemplified in his youthful visit to Rome, the manly pro-
portions and rare physical beauty of Old World types of man-
hood, preserved to us in the painter's canvas or in the chiselled
forms of the sculptor's art. The prominence given in his Ger-
man Fatherland to wrestling and gymnastic sports had also,
no doubt, its influence upon the budding athlete, to which, in
time, must be added the fostering force and moulding power
of habit.

If we seek further for the predisposing causes which led
Sandow to attain his high degree of physical perfection, we may
find an ingredient, of no mean value, in his great natural

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capacity for work, especially as a youth, and, in the man. a
determination and will-power of undeviating and inflexible
purpose. All those things, severally, had their proportionate
influence ; but nothing told with so much and gratifying
effect as ceaseless and hard training, happily directed on an
intelligent physiological basis, ever stimulated by a lively
ambition and an unflagging enthusiasm. Our inquiry, how-
ever, will be most satisfactorily met by reference to the re-
nowned athlete himself, aided by such responses as Mr. San-
do w has made in interviews with inquiring journalists and
reporters in pursuit of their daily or nightly tale of " copy."
One of these interviews Mr. Sandow has handed to us, and, in
spite of its occasional inconsequential and interrogative form,
we take leave to incorporate it in these pages. The interview
is as reported for the London edition of the New York Herald,
for Oct. 5, 1890, from which we copy it.

" A REPORTER'S INTERVIEW WITH SANDOW.

" To see such a man as Sandow is to look on an almost ideal form of
muscular development. Statistics of the strength of muscular tissue
make it not impossible to believe many extraordinary stories with
regard to the feats of strongmen who have lifted 300 Ibs. with their
teeth and 1,200 Ibs. with their hands; but Sandow's one-handed
jugglery with dumb-bells weighing over 300 Ibs., a ' Roman Wind-
lill ' game, in which nearly double that power is exercised, and a
proof of his endurance under the fell weight of 2,600 Ibs., are per-
formances which knock out all previous records in the same line.

"A natural adaptability for work which will develop the bulk
and vigour of the muscles in men who, thanks, mayhap, to heredi-
tary causes, are naturally framed for such exercises, forms but small
part of the conditions necessary to success. The important question
of training is here of paramount consideration, just as in all other
athletic pursuits. The old authority who laid it down that an
ithlete, to be of any use, should have a comely head, brawny arms
legs, a good wind, and considerable strength, would have more

131

than these requisites in Sandow, who is about middle height 5 ft.
8 in. but full-breasted and broad-shouldered beyond all ordinary
men, and with thighs and lower limbs of wonderful balance and
power. Withal, the young German carries himself gracefully, and
might rival in statuesque beauty the Farnese Hercules.

"HOW SAXDOW BECAME MUSCULAR.

"It should be of interest to know how such perfect muscular
manhood was reached. Had such a man been a very wonderful
baby, of great prowess as a boy, or how did it all come about ? Has
it been due to some super-excellent system of training ?

" Sandow, with a smile, remarked to a New York Herald represent-
ative that he believed as an infant his physique was somewhat above
the average, but as this rested on maternal authority only which is
ever the same whatever the baby it may be taken lightly by the
sceptical. In boyish exercises, however, he in time proved himself
master of the town. But, granting every natural endowment which
might fit mortal for athletic honours, Sandow, now in the flush and
prime of manhood, thinks that his present bodily status is due more to
training than to natural physical gifts. Not that any amount of muscle
culture could possibly bring one person in a thousand to the same
pitch of excellence, but that in any particular case the regimen is as
necessary as the primal physique on which it is exercised.

" Curiously enough, Sandow is a firm believer in the rational free-
and-easy style of living and training which most enlightened modern
professors use in preference to the violent methods of older days.
Regarding as inimical to health any violent changes in one's habits
at any period, Sandow advocates nothing beyond mere temperance
in the gratification of every natural desire, the strictest discipline
being, in his esteem, not inconsistent with the enjoyment of all the
rational pleasures of life. Everywhere the theory of constant light
exercise has succeeded the older and heavier methods, and no one
more eloquently than our accomplished visitor speaks of the utility
of light weights in clubs and dumb-bells, and easy, graceful exercise
of all sorts for ordinary practice. All, too, should be done on the
ground, as he rigidly insists, and, if possible, under proper super-

132

vision of skilled instructors. Sandow himself underwent two years'
training at Brussels under a distinguished physician, who had the
enthusiasm of an athletic preceptor, tempered by the milder knowl-
edge of the scientific anatomist.

"DEVELOPMENT OF MUSCLES.

" To develop the individual muscles Sandow hit on a system for
himself by which every set of fibres in the body receives its due
care. For the development of the muscles of the arras, legs, chest
and back there are varied exercises, each adopted with a view to
getting the maximum of healthy life, and by no forcing means, out
of each particular set. This system also worked well in half-a-dozen
cases with other men on whom the young athlete subsequently tried
it. Innumerable easy and graceful motions, careful avoidance of
over- exertion, which interferes seriously with the proper produc-
tion of energetic growth, and deals grave blows at the health of
some of the chief organs of the body ; not eating much at a time
but regularly, little and often ; and a few other simple principles
seem the stock-in-trade of the system. But about its practice, no
doubt there would be found some more difficulty than in learning
to waltz. In repeated interviews with Sandow, by some of the chief
lights in the Oxford gymnastic theatres, these theories were ac-
cepted as admirable.

"'Did you ever engage in a running or wrestling match?' I
asked.

" ' Never in any running competition, but I like wrestling better
than any other physical pastime. Not a muscle of the body, but it
catches hold of and improves : calves, thighs, arms, and back every
little bit of human band and strap are used. Not only that, but it
also does one's wit good. Patience, nerve, endurance, agility, quick-
ness, and coolness are all involved.

"AS GOOD AS THE ANCIENTS.

" ' My notion about the ancients and, remember, their wrestling
is just as we have it in all results is that they were not a bit better

133

men than there are now living, but that occasionally they found a
man incomparably better than his fellows. The classical statues are
all idealized the complete dream of the artist who found in indi-
viduals some perfect parts, and shaped a form in which no ingenuity
could pick a flaw. Of course, a Hercules or Venus may not have
been, is 'not, impossible: in beauty or strength nothing is impossible,
but we don't see such men or women everywhere.'

" ' You said, Mr. Sandow, that you didn't believe in the rough
school of training which fed men on raw meat, etc. ? '

" * No ; a man should be denied nothing which he desires within
certain limits. I never refuse myself anything I take wine, beer,
smoke, and take a turn all round as other men who make the most
of life.'

" ' Do you know anything about boxing ? '

" < Very little ; but I practice with friends, though I think profes-
sional fighting brutal sport.

" ENAMOURED OF FOOTBALL.

" Of all English games, let me say, I like football best. It is
magnificent, not only as a muscular exercise, but it involves at
every turn mental strength, coolness, quickness, and judgment.
I saw a football match in Lancashire once which beat any other
athletic display I ever saw the men were so bold, swift, skilful,
cool.' "

A FURTHER CHAT WITH THE STRONGMAN.

A little more than a year subsequent to this recorded inter-
view, Mr. Sandow was catechised by another reporter, at the
athlete's pleasant home in Pimlico, and as we find in the re-
port of it (vide "Answers," Dec. 20, 1891), not a little of in-
terest, respecting Mr. Sandow's personal history and mode of
life, we make the following further extract :

"The strongman is a young German who speaks English fairly
well, good-looking, with light, curly hair, and a fair moustache. He

134

is singularly modest in manner, and our representative could hardly
believe that the young Prussian who entered the room (he is not yet
twenty-four) was the splendid athlete who defeated Samson at The
Aquarium some months ago. In Mr. Sandow's dining-room is a
very fine portrait, by Mr. Aubrey Hunt, of the athlete attired as a
Roman gladiator, standing in the Colosseum at Rome. The work is
an admirable likeness, and shows off the enormous muscles of Mr.
Sandow's body to great advantage. 500 has been offered for the
painting, but, naturally enough, its owner refuses to part with it.

" ' Now, Mr. Sandow,' began the interviewer, ' how is it you have
become so strong as you are ? Was it by any system of training, or
is it a natural gift ? '

" ' As a child I was not very strong. As a boy at school I became
more powerful and muscular than most of my fellow-students. Be-
yond the ordinary exercise which every German youth goes through,
however, there was little training in my case, in the ordinary sense
of the term.'

" ' What about diet ? I have heard that athletes are obliged to
obey very severe dietary rules, that they mustn't eat this and they
mustn't drink that, until their lives become a positive burden.'

" ' Ah ! that is not my case,' said Mr. Sandow, laughing ; ' I just
eat and drink what I want, when I want, and in what quantities I
want. Good, wholesome, plain food I find to be best.'

" It was not necessary to ask the young German whether he smoked,
for at that moment he was puffing away vigorously at a huge cigar,
as if he enjoyed it very much.

" ' I usually dine,' he went on, ' about 6:30 p. M., as a rest for thor-
ough digestion is necessary before going through my performance,
which, although it occupies only about twenty minutes, is very
arduous while it lasts.'

" ' What is the greatest weight you raise with one hand ? '

" ' Over 300 Ibs. I lift it from the ground to the head, then to the
full length of my arm. It is a much more difficult thing to lift a
weight than to support it. Once raised to the head I could sustain
almost any burden.'

" Of course you are proficient in most branches of athletics ? '

135

" ' Yes, I am a bit of an acrobat in my way. Only as an amateur,
however, for I have never appeared professionally in that capacity.'

" ' When did you begin to take up your present profession ? '

"'Only in the spring of the year after my contest with Samson at
The Aquarium. Prior to that I had appeared only as an amateur in
Germany, and hi a few other countries on the continent.'

" ' Now, Mr. Sandow, how tall are you ? ' our man asked.

"'I am just 5 feet 8 inches in height,' was the reply.

"'And how much round the chest?'

" ' Forty-eight inches.'

" Forty-eight inches ! And the ordinary six-foot guardsman
averages only about forty-one inches. This was an astonishment.

" ' What does your arm measure round the biceps ? '

" ' Nineteen inches.'

" The Ansicers man here grasped the athlete's arm. It resembled
iron rather than human flesh, and it is just the same all over his
body. Nothing but solid adamantine muscle is to be felt, and not
one ounce of superfluous flesh is apparent.

" ' You don't go in for chain-breaking and wire-rope-snapping
feats, do you ? '

" ' No, I don't care much for them. They are more or less knacks,
sometimes mere conjuring feats, indeed, but are, nevertheless,
clever.'

" Our representative afterwards had an opportunity of seeing the
German athlete go through his performance at the London Pavilion, in
company with his pupil, Loris. And, certainly, the feats are wonder-
ful. Nor is there much doubt about their genuineness. The iron
weights and dumb-bells are, at the termination of each act, allowed
to fall with a very real and solid sound upon the stage, and, moreover,
any one among the audience is at perfect liberty to touch and if he
can lift them. The heaviest weight scales 312 Ibs., and this San-
dow lifts with apparent ease to his head and holds it there. He can
even turn a somersault whilst holding in his hands two 56 Ib.
weights. He terminates his exhibition by supporting upon his chest,
propped by his arms and his legs from below the knees, no less than
2,600 Ibs., or over a ton of stone, iron, and human bodies.

136

" The remark was now made that the athlete would make a splendid
wrestler, when the Teuton replied :

" ' In my own country I was a champion, and no one was ever able
successfully to contend with me.'

" ' What style did you contend in ? '

" ' The Grseco-Roman. That is the only species of wrestling taught
in the German Turn Vereins. We know nothing of leg- work, which
is the dividing line between the style of the ancients and the Lan-
cashire fashion.'

" ' When and how did you first take to gymnastics ? '

" ' Well, when I was a young man I was a mere stripling, and
thought to strengthen my frame by a little light exercise, like the
working of a wooden wand or a light iron bar.'

" ' Did that do you any good ? '

" ' Yes ; it loosened all my muscles and made them pliant, but no
great amount of development came from the exercises. This set me
thinking, and I gradually found out what exercises were the best to
develop certain kinds of muscles. Using my knowledge with the
weights I had at my command, I began to gradually increase my
weights and found out that I could easily put up a 100 Ib. dumb-
bell.'

" ' How long did it take you to fully develop your strength ? '

" ' That is a hard question to decide. I do not think that I have
fully developed my strength yet ; but it took me two years' hard
study to find out just where the power came from. Of course, I am
finding out new things all the time, and it is quite possible that I
may discover some new muscle, which will enable me still further to
increase my lifting power.' "

A representative of the same journal (vide "Answers," for
May 30th, 1893), in a subsequent interview with "the king
of strong men," as he has been called, elicited some further
information from him respecting training, and specially
touching the use of dumb-bells, which we epitomise as follows :
Sandow was asked if he approved of the customary drill with
the dumb-bells taught in gymnasiums. His answer was an

137

emphatic " No ; " " half the motions," he added, "don't affect
the muscles a bit, and there are dozens of muscles which are
not brought into action at all, and practically lie dormant and
untrained. Nor have I much faith in gymnastics as they are
usually- taught. They don't bring out the muscles one uses
in everyday life. Parallel bars and much of the apparatus of
training, I have found of little use. My faith is pinned to
dumb-bells, and I do all my training with their aid, supple-
mented by weight-lifting. By the constant use of dumb-
bells any man of average strength can bring his muscles to
the highest possible development ; but he should, of course,
know my system, which has been adopted after much careful
and scientific study, and has had the approval of the military
authorities of Britain, and in the training schools for the
army has been put to the most satisfactory tests. If I had a
boy," continued Mr. Sandow, "I should start him with
i-lb. dumb-bells when he was two years old, and then gradu-
ally increase the weight with his years. My idea is that boys
of from ten to twelve should have 3-lb. dumb-bells ; from
twelve to fifteen, 4-lb. , and from fifteen upwards, I consider
5-lb. dumb-bells quite sufficient for any one. But there is little
use, and only a waste of time, in exercising with dumb-bells
by fits and starts ; they should be used persistently and
systematically. It should be compulsory in all schools for
boys to have regular training with dumb-bells, and if this
were universal there would soon be a most beneficial change
in the physique of the rising generation."

The importance to be attached to this evidence of the great
athlete, favouring the use of dumb-bells, on his own or any
good and intelligent system of exercising with them, can
hardly, we venture to think, be open to question. The verdict
of a professional, like Mr. Sandow, who has almost solely
used them, in attaining the muscular power which enables
him to bear the strain of his nightly performances, cannot

138

hastily, at least, be set aside. Nor is there, in his case, mere
strength and vigour of muscle, by which he elevates by one
hand over his head, a bar-bell, in the bosses of which lurk two
men ; supports with ease on his chest a mounted life-guards-
man, a grand piano with an orchestra of four men, or the see-
saw performances of three good-sized cobs ; there is also that
flexibility of frame and suppleness of muscle which enables
him, with agility, to turn back-somersaults, with a 56-lb.
dumb-bell in each hand, and to carry himself and perform all
his movements with litheness and grace.

XVII.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF GYMNASTICS.

MR. SANDOW'S INTRODUCTION TO HIS EXERCISES HIS VIEWS ON
THE THEORETIC AND PRACTICAL BEARING OF PHYSICAL
TRAINING.

THE remark has been made by my friend, Colonel Fox, of
Aldershot, (see chap. XII. ) that I, in my own person, best ex-
emplify the practical results of my system of physical training.
Colonel Fox is right, though that gallant officer, at one time,
as many others have since, found it hard to believe that my
strength has been attained and my muscular system built up
by methods of physical training so simple and unambitious
as those which I have alone used, and which I commend so
earnestly to those who are in search of both health and strength.
The disposition is a prevalent one to connect great results with

140

elaborate methods in their achievement, forgetting that
Nature does not work so, and unmindful of the fact that the
race is not always to the swift nor the battle to the strong. In
my own training, I have never made use of elaborate methods,
nor, indeed, of any but the simplest ; but the latter I have
used, as I think, intelligently, and with determination and
persistence. It was always an axiom with me to put my mind
into my work. Never was there a time when I dawdled over
the exercises which experience taught me were helpful in
building up my bodily frame and giving me strength and
endurance. Nor can I charge myself, at any period of my
career, with perfunctorily using the opportunities, whether
of time or material, open to me, since I seriously determined
to become active and strong. In this, as in everything else,
lies much, as we all know, of the secret of success ; for without
steady application to the work in hand, whether it be to
achieve a task or to make oneself strong, the best results are
never attainable, if, indeed, we are not likely to make a more
or less perilous approach to failure.

INFLUENCE OF BODILY EXERCISE ON THE HUMAN ORGANISM.

Besides concentrating my mind on my work, I have assid-
uously thought out for myself the best, and, as I have said,
the simplest and most effective, modes of training. I have
never fancied, nor found need for, the elaborate equipment of
the modern gymnasium. Nor have I ever exercised except on
the ground, eschewing such appurtenances as the trapezium,
the rings, the plank, the ladder, the mast, the vertical pole,
and other paraphernalia of gymnastic training. For showy
or acrobatic work, these elaborate devices may be useful ; but
I have not found them helpful as aids to an all-round, vigorous,
and healthful bodily development, while practice on them is
attended by much and sometimes serious injury and risk.

141

The dumb-bell and the bar-bell have been my chief means of
physical training, aided by a tolerably thorough knowledge
of physiology and anatomy, and especially of the ramifications
and uses of the muscles. A prof essional study of the latter,
which I 'was fortunate enough to make at the Medical College
at Brussels, has been of very great value to me. It taught
me not only the points of localization and functions of the
muscles, and their manifold connecting ligatures and tissues,
but emphasized, as no desultory or unscientific study could,
the physiological effects on the human frame of active and
intelligent exercise.

Previous to taking the medical course at Brussels, I had
only a layman's shallow acquaintance with the structure and
physiology of the animal frame. I had no technical knowledge
of organic life, or of the vast field which science, aided by the
microscope, has opened up for us in relation to the bone and cell
structure, waste and repair, of the human body. I knew little
even of the commonest elements of physiology of the act of
breathing and the processes of inspiration and respiration ; of
the composition of the blood, its circulation and feeding
power ; of digestion and the solvent power of the gastric and
pancreatic juices ; of the effect of food, drink, and pure- air on
the system. Not only did I learn about these several impor-
tant matters, which are now, happily, included in an ordinary
school education ; but, more valuable to me than all, I ac-
quired a knowledge of the influence of bodily exercise on the
human organism how it affected the blood and its circulation,
what its influence was on the organs of movement, on the
process of secretion, on respiration, on the nervous system,
and especially on the brain, the seat of mental life. These
latter studies came to me as a revelation, not only as
they furnished me with a guide to health, but as they en-
abled me to proceed with my muscular training on an
intelligent basis, having regard to the just harmony and

142

equilibrium to be preserved in every exercise tending to
the building up and strengthening of the human organism.

A SYMMETRICAL AND ALL-ROUND DEVELOPMENT.

Especially helpful were my medical studies in the direction
which I sought most for help to enable me to cultivate a
symmetrical and all-round development, rather than a partial
and one-sided one. Early in my course, the physiological
law, which lies at the bottom of all physical education, was
impressed upon me, viz., that the structure and functions
of the body increase with use, and that waste comes with
disuse and idleness. I then learned to note and appreciate
the effect of muscular exercise on the tissue-cells of the body ;
how bone, muscles, and nerves were affected by muscular
action, how it stimulated breathing, and what enriching
nutriment it brought to the blood. My next and most
important acquisition, was a knowledge of the situation and
ramification of the muscles, distinguishing the voluntary and
involuntary, as they act dependent upon or independent of
the will, with their uses in the animal economy, in protecting
and securing the nutrition of the body, and in carrying on
the functions of blood- circulation, respiration, digestion, and
secretion. The knowledge, I gained of the fibrous net-work
of the muscles the active element in which force resides, and
by means of which the bones and joints are brought into play
and the movements of the organs are effected, was, as I
have already observed, of incalculable importance to me. It
enabled me to locate and bring into due development not only
the layers of exterior muscles, the channels of the nerve-force,
but the interior muscles also those which are not seen, yet
have active functions to perform, in controlling the move-
ments and aiding the blood-circulation, respiration, etc.,
dthin the body. I was not long, of course, in observing the

143

distinctive fact about the muscles that exercise while it
wastes also repairs the body, and, in an especial degree,
increases the volume and strength of their own substance ;
and that muscular action, by accelerating circulation and
increasing the absorption of nutritive material, not only
assists the regenerative processes of the human organism, but
wards off disease and maintains the body in health.

Nor was I slow to discern the advantage to health, physical
and mental, in developing, as far as possible, all of the mus-
cles ; for this is the work which hygienic gymnastics should
be made to aim at, if it seeks to secure uniform good health,
rather than those purely recreative pastimes, which develop
only a special organ or two, to the neglect and disuse of the
rest. It is well to impress this, especially on the young reader
of these pages or the novice in physical training, for it should
not be the mere* acquisition of strength, or even skill in the
performance of certain feats, that should be aimed at ; but
that degree of health and vigour of mind, which shall best
fit the race for its various vocations, improve its morale, and
promote its happiness. Especial care, also, should be taken
by the young, to see that no exercises are entered upon in
excess of the strength of the beginner, otherwise harm, and
oftentimes serious harm, will result ; nor should they be
entered upon in the spirit of reckless and overstrained compe-
tition, which not infrequently shortens life or does lasting in-
jury to those engaged in the contest.

EXERCISE SHOULD BE TAKEN WHERE THERE IS FRESH AIR.

Exercise, I would also impress upon the young reader,
ought to be taken in a well-ventilated place, not in a con-
tracted bedroom or thronged hall, where the atmosphere
is likely either to be close, and therefore poisonous, or con-
taminated by many breaths, each throwing off at every expira-

144

tion about twenty cubic inches of impure air, which occasion
headaches, laboured breathing, and stagnation of the life- pro-
cesses. Where exercise is taken in the bedroom, the windows
should be open or partially open, particularly if the room be
small and the ceiling low. During the exercise, the body
should be lightly clad, free from any close-fitting or impeding
garment ; and, where practicable, a cold plunge bath even
a mere dip in and out should follow the exercise.

Circumstances will guide those taking daily exercise as to
the period of the day in which it is to be indulged. Best and
cessation from work should, for a time, always succeed a
meal. The early morning, before breakfast, is best for a
little light exercise, or at night before retiring, followed
by a bath. In these suggestions, gymnastic exercise for
those occupied all day is what I have specially had in view.
For walking, running, riding, swimming, rowing, and the
active pastimes of the playground, tennis-court and cricket-
field, any leisure of the day will, of course, suit, though, in no
case, should any considerable exertion immediately follow
a meal ; and care should be taken that if exercise has been
carried so far as to induce perspiration, the body should, if
possible, be rubbed dry, and standing in draughts be avoided.

DUMB-BELL AND BAR-BELL EXERCISE RECOMMENDED.

The training I, of course, specially commend is dumb-bell
and bar-bell exercise, and, for beginners especially, of very
light weights. (For the generality of people, my experience
would limit the weight to four or not more than five pounds.)
But walking, rowing, skating, swimming, and, where the
heart is all right, climbing and running, are very good exer-
cises ; football, if not too roughly played, being also excellent.
Nothing, in my opinion, however, is better than the use of
1 the dumb-bell, for developing the ivhole system, particularly

145

if it is used intelligently, and with a knowledge of the loca-
tion and functions of the muscles. With this knowledge, it
will surprise most would-be athletes how much can be done
with the dumb-bell, and what a range and vast complexity of
muscles can by it be brought into play. It has been well said
that the muscular system of a man is not made up alone of
chest and biceps ; yet to expand the one and enlarge the other
is almost all that is thought of by the untrained learner. It
is also foolishly supposed that this is the limit of the work to
be done by the dumb-bell. Far otherwise is the case, as a
subsequent section devoted to exercises will show. The truth
is, that there is hardly a muscle that cannot be effectively
reached by the system of dumb-bell exercise which I use and
have here set forth for the pupil-in-training.

Muscle-culture, of course, should not be taken up spasmodi-
cally, or without an object in view, or it will fail of its effect.
Nor should the object in view be to develop the muscles merely
for adoration or display. Regard ought always to be had to
the hygienic benefits to be derived from the exercise. If this
be not the purpose of the trainer, the novelty will soon pass
and interest will become evanescent. Nor, on the other hand,
should gymnastics be pursued violently : prudence should
temper ardour and reason restrain recklessness. Perhaps the
chief difficulty to be surmounted, especially with beginners
who are not young, is to overcome the irksomeness of training
and to maintain the interest. Most of us are the creatures of
habit, and if physical culture has not been begun early, and
been maintained, as it ought to be, through life, new habits,
however good in themselves, are difficult to form and pur-
sue with patient assiduity. In this case, the zealous in-
structor can only fall back on the benefits, mental as well as
physical, to be derived from exercise benefits which are more
real than most people are aware of, and are but little under-
stood if muscular exercise is deemed merely a recreation and

146

not a necessity of our being, indispensable to the highest
efficiency and health.

INEFFECTIVE AND VICIOUS SYSTEMS OF TRAINING.

In engaging in muscular exercise, or, indeed, in any exer-
whatever, much that is beneficial to health is lost for
rant of an intelligent and well-trained instructor. Even with
rhat is supposed to be a competent instructor, systems of
training are frequently adopted that are ineffective, and some-
times vicious. Exercises are not taken up progressively from
the simple to the complex. A beginner, at least, should never
work in advance of his capacity. Sometimes, too, exercises
are indulged in so fatuously as to overstrain the muscles,
and, at times, put them to wrong uses. The radical mistake
is also made of over-training, and of developing the muscles
till they feel like iron, forgetting that flexibility rather than
hardness is the symbol and condition of health. Exercise I
have, moreover, seen prescribed quite unsuited to the vocation
and habits of life of the person counselled to engage in it.
Here, as in other things, the old adage is true, that what is
one man's meat is another man's poison. The man who taxes
his brain all day and leads a sedentary life needs an exercise
quite different from that suited to the artisan or mechanic.
Both will benefit by a change of occupation, but the brain-
worker should have an exercise that animates and exhilarates,
and does not fatigue, the mind. For the jaded mind, the best
antidotes are sleep and rest.

CORRECT HABITS OF BREATHING.

A further caution to be observed when engaging in muscu-
lar exercise, is to acquire correct habits of breathing. In
ordinary life few know how to breathe properly, as few know

147

how to sit or stand erect, and maintain, in walking, the
proper carriage of body and limbs. When correct attitudes
are formed in the bearing of the person, no conscious effort or
exertion is needed to maintain them. A careless deportment
and slouching poses of the body, so commonly met with,
are not only aesthetic defects, but do grave injury to the
health, besides retarding, and detracting from, the stature.
No better remedy is there for this than the proper training of
the muscles, for they are the legitimate props of the frame,
and upon them, and not upon the spine and other bone struc-
tures of the system, devolve the duty of supporting the body
and keeping it erect. If we are to breathe aright, the inflation
of the lungs should be from below rather than from the top,
that is, that the inspiratory act should fill the lower part of
the lungs and diaphragm first, then be inhaled upwards with a
lifting and expanding movement of the chest, giving the
latter room to distend by throwing back the head and shoul-
ders. Take full, long breaths, and not short, gasping ones,
retaining the breath for a time in the lungs and air-passages,
so as to distend the ribs and their connecting cartilages, then ex-
pel the air slowly and exhaustively, assisted, if need be, by a
pressure of the hand on the diaphragm and abdomen. This
counsel may appear at first unnecessary, as nothing seems
more easy than effortless or natural breathing, and yet few,
comparatively, acquire the art of correct, or, what is termed,
natural breathing, as singing-masters and voice-cultivators,
especially, know to their cost. * But correct habits of breathing

* Mr. W. H. Lawton, a well-known tenor of New York, has recently been
lecturing on the Art of Breathing, and has very properly laid stress on the use
of the diaphragmatic muscle as an aid to good vocalization, in speaking and
singing, as well as a means not only of obviating the throat troubles from which
many speakers and singers suffer, but also of developing the chest and giving
proper poise and perfect symmetry to the body. From a report of Mr. Law-
ton's lecture this interesting and instructive extract is given :

' Mr. Lawton claimed that it was not enough simply to direct the student to

148

are more important in relation to health than as aids merely
to the distension and enlargement of the chest. They are of
prime value in the duty they have to perform in the mechanism
of respiration, by which the blood is purified and enriched.
This is the more important for the young athlete to remember,
since it is known that all muscular exercise quickens the action
of the lungs and the heart, and that by the joint action of
these organs there is an augmentation of the life-giving prop-
exhale and inhale forcibly so many times a day. He must be shown how to
use the diaphragmatic muscle, he must be told how to expand the ribs, and
must learn that the inaction of the abdominal muscles is proof that the lungs
are not used properly. When the student is not taught the proper use and
control of the muscles necessary in singing, the ribs fail to be raised to the full
extent ; the chest does not expand sufficiently ; less air enters the lungs, con-
sequently less air and less voice are to be expired. Mr. Lawton recommends
these exercises in diaphragmatic breathing not only as indispensable to good
vocalization, but as health-giving and favourable to a correct and graceful
carriage.

" No matter how fine the natural voice may be the singer must learn how to
breathe, and thereby how to poise and sustain the voice on the breath. Tech-
nically, knowledge of breathing gives free and easy delivery to the production
of the tone, enriches the colours, so to speak, of the voice, and perfects the vocal
organ in such a manner as to leave no doubt in the minds of critical hearers as
to the singer's artistic ability. Singing on the breath is found to be not only
the true secret of artistic vocalization, but an important remedial agent in
many physical ailments. A society lady in New York attributes her recovery
from bronchitis to her lessons in singing, prescribed by a prominent physician.

" The lecturer also referred to the abnormal development of the stomach and
abdomen, brought about in great measure by lack of training in breathing.
Proper respiration produces erect carriage and this prevents the accumulation
of fat and superfluous flesh below the waist. In urging proper respiratory
methods, especially for girls and young women, Mr. Lawton points out and
emphasises their value as calisthenic and healthful exercises. The lungs are
like a sponge. If the walls of the chest prevent the full inflation of the lungs
they cannot perform their part in nature's economy. The blood is not properly
oxygenated and the vital forces are necessarily weakened. Nature can be
aided in this matter, the muscles of the chest strengthened,-the chest itself en-
larged, and the thorax greatly assisted in its action, and by very simple means.
The singer who grows red in the face and the cords of whose neck become
painfully tense is evidently little skilled in the art of managing the voice."

149

erties of the body. The more the breathing is accelerated, the
more rapid, moreover, is the throwing off of the waste material
in the system and its replacement by new and fresher
substance.

With the breathing process carried on properly, with cor-
rect habits in the pose and carriage of the body, with plenty
of pure air and good wholesome food, much is secured that
goes to the founding and maintaining of health. There is
but one other chief provision needed for the acquisition and
preservation of a healthy body, namely, exercise, and this has
been provided in one's own organs of movement. Warmth,
it may be said, we have omitted in this enumeration of the
body's wants ; but warmth, though it is mainly supplied by
the food we eat, is largely aided by exercise, for without
muscular action not only would heat lack its life-sustaining
and energising force, but the nutritive material, which exer-
cise assists to absorb and distribute by means of the circula-
tion of the blood, would be ill-adapted for its great purpose in
the animal economy.*

* " The employment of the muscles in exercise not only benefits their especial
structure, but it acts on the whole system. When the muscles are put in action, the
capillary blood-vessels with which they are supplied become more rapidly charged
with blood, and active changes take place not only in the muscles, but in all the sur-
rounding tissues. The heart is required to supply more blood, and accordingly
beats more rapidly in order to meet the demand. A larger quantity of blood is
sent through the lungs, and larger supplies of oxygen are taken in and carried to
the various tissues. The oxygen, by combining with the carbon of the blood and
the tissues, engenders a larger quantity of heat, which produces an action on the
skin, in order that the superfluous warmth may be disposed of. The skin is thus
exercised, as it were, and the sudoriparous (perspiratory) and sebaceous (fatty)
glands are set at work. The lungs and skin are brought into operation, and the
lungs throw off large quantities of carbonic acid, and the skin large quantities of
water, containing in solution matters which, if retained, would produce disease in
the body. Wherever the blood is sent, changes of a healthful character occur. The
brain and the rest of the nervous system are invigorated, the stomach has its
powers of digestion improved, and the liver, pancreas, and other organs perform
their functions with more vigour. For want of exercise, the constituents of the

150

The importance of the matters which have been here treated
of will perhaps justify a little further dwelling on, before pass-
ing to the movements to be hereafter described. What further
has to be said will have reference chiefly to the influence of
bodily exercise on the frame and the organs of movement ; on
the circulation of the blood ; on respiration, secretion, and
digestion ; and on the nervous system and the mental life.
A later chapter will deal with the muscles, their situation and
chief physiological functions.

food which pass into the blood are not oxidized, and products which produce dis-
ease are engendered. The introduction of fresh supplies of oxygen induced by
exercise oxidizes these products, and renders them harmless. As a rule, those
who exercise most in the open, air will live the longest. Professor Lankester.

XVIII.
HYGIENIC AND MEDICAL GYMNASTICS.

IT needs no emphasising to say here that it is incumbent
on every one to conserve, and, as far as one can, increase, to
their full development and vigour, his bodily and mental
powers. Whatever agents will best promote this, it is admit-
tedly a duty to make use of. One of the chief means for at-
taining health and strength is, as has been shown, bodily ex-
ercise. This, in the main, is within the reach of all ; for a
trifling outlay can place at one's use, at least, a pair of light
dumb-bells, and, in the cause in which we enlist their service,
the expenditure of a little time and energy is surely worth
the making. Nor is exercise of this kind unsuited to either
young or old, for immature limbs can bear, as they will cer-
tainly profit by, a modest amount of pleasurable but system-
atic training ; while even old age will feel the invigorating

152

FIGURE OF ATHLETE.

FIGURE OF ATHLETE. SHOWING MUSCLES, ANTERIOR ASPECT.

effects of a little stimulating exercise, which should not, of
course, go beyond what is appropriate to declining powers.
In the case even of invalids, or of those who suffer from
minor and removable ailments, there are many strengthening
and curative movements, with or without weights, which
would be possible for them to perform, and which would bring
relief and perhaps a cure. Of this class, we may mention,
among others, those who suffer from chronic headache, rheu-
matism, indigestion, poorness or imperfect circulation of the
blood, nervous troubles, etc., as well as those who are obese
or who incline to obesity. For these and such like disorders,
a mild course of dumb-bell exercise will be found efficacious,
or at any rate salutary ; while the exercise can be taken, as if
from the home medicine- chest, without resort to the gymna-
sium or other dispensary.

In truth, the more the rationale of gymnastics is studied,
the wider and more beneficial will be the scope of their appli-
cation as a remedial agent. This is now being admitted by
the many who make use of the massage treatment (an agent
kindred to gymnastics), and the movement cure. It is also
acknowledged by those who pin their faith to dietetics, yet
who recognise the difficulty of applying diet-remedies where
the condition of the alimentary organs, or any structural
weakness of the body, interferes with the absorbing and as-
similating of certain foods. Where these defects exist, mus-
cular exercise of a mild character, and when appropriately
directed, will be found one of the best means of readjusting
the system and furthering the processes of nutrition in the
body. Nor is the prescribed remedy inapplicable in the early
stages, at least, of consumption and even heart disease, though
in these cases, the movements should, of course, be indulged
in with moderation. Public speakers and singers will also
profit, as we have shown, by exercises which strengthen and
give tone to the vocal organs.

153

In all these several ways can health be promoted, strength
acquired, the injurious effect of certain callings in life coun-
teracted, and a very appreciable energising influence exerted
upon the mental faculties. To those, especially, whose voca-
tions confine them to sedentary habits and the stooping atti-
tude, 'and which in too many cases induce distorted frames,
round shoulders, or shoulders of unequal height, and a one-
sided development of the body and limbs, daily exercise at the
dumb-bells will be found fraught with gratifying benefit.
But the exercise should be persistent, and, while indulged in,
vigorous, for it is unreasonable to expect the frame and its
muscle- vesture to recover, by occasional and intermittent cor-
rective exercise, what they are habituated to throughout a
long day's occupation in a deforming and unnatural posture.
This, it is hardly necessary to say, applies to women as well
as to men ; for among the other sex are to be met with ill-
built and ill-conditioned women, upon whom fashion, unwisely
followed, lays its ungracious hand, as seen in the victims of
indigestion, constricted breathing, constipation, sallow com-
plexion, the malaise feeling, and feeble health.

EFFECT OF EXERCISE IX BEAUTIFYING WOMEN.

The influence of exercise on the bodily frame of women is,
strange to say, still indifferently recognised. The prevalent
idea is that muscular exercise of any active kind, for a young
girl, coarsens and makes a boy of her. The idea is a delusion ;
mischievous, indeed, when we realize the value to a growing
girl of gymnastics, in their milder form of calisthenics ; and
its evil results are seen not only in the ailments, among many
others, to which we have just referred ; but also in the ab-
sence of comeliness, grace, and that beauty and shapeliness
of physical contour which we associate with a perfectly-formed
and finely-conditioned woman. In women, we do not, of

154

course, particularly look for strength, still less for the robust
muscle of an Amazon. Nor ought we to look for plumpness
only, for a sluggish brain and heavy, inert movements too
often mark the merely well-fed but idle woman. It is grace
of form and beauty of outline that attract us in the sex, with
those genuine accompaniments of efficient physical training
a lustrous eye, a clear skin, a bright intellect, a happy dispo-
sition, and a vivacious manner. The antitheses of those
charms in a woman shall I be pardoned for saying it ? are
not uncommonly to be met with ; but only, it may be said, in
one who has neglected the physical need of her nature, and
has never known the real joy of living experienced by those
who have cultivated the body to a due degree of physical per-
fection. Only less uncommon are the other physical types of
our meagre day the loutish, half-developed boy, with his
lanky limbs and shambling gait, and the gawky girl, with her
bony elbows and scraggy neck. Both are culpable human
disfigurements whose muscular poverty and general state of
ill-condition only parental folly can excuse. Equally lack-
ing in mental and moral wholesomeness must be the boy and
girl reared in a reprehensible neglect of physical culture.

The period of youth, I of course remember, is the period of
immaturity, and, at an early age, one ought not to look for
any abnormal degree of physical development. But I have
been speaking of the neglect, not of the paucity, or too-soon-
looked-for results, of muscular training. One should be in no
hurry to see lads become men and girls become women. Let
both be young as long as they possibly can. But youth is the
time for laying well the foundation of a sound constitution
and the forming of good habits ; and the period should not
pass, either for girl or for boy, without the salutary stimulus
to body and brain of a moderate, regular, and systematic
course of physical training. Happily, schools for girls, as
well as those for their brothers, are now recognising and sup-

155

plying this want of adolescent nature, and if the cricket-
ground and gymnasium are not yet open to a girl the tennis
court is, and she is encouraged to take to rowing, swimming,
skating, riding, and mountain-climbing, while wands, rods,
and even Indian clubs and dumb-bells, are not the tabooed
things they were once to her sex. Were the village green,
unluckily, not a thing now of the past, and were corsets and
high-heeled shoes not the universal vogue of the time, I should
regret the passing jiway of dancing on the sward. But
fashions are mutable, and Newnhani and Girton may yet
revive the May -pole and its innocent revels, and, at no distant
day, it may be, give a degree to a terpsichorean First.

PREJUDICE, INDIFFERENCE, DELUSION.

But I have to do with dumb-bells and, in the main, with
exercise for grown or growing men. The complementary
exercise to dancing on the sward is wrestling on the green,
and if I went into that I should have little space left me for
the set purpose of this book. What I want to do here is to
endeavour to bring home to every mind the priceless value of
exercise on the individual health, and to say a further word
or two about the influence which a well-built, healthy body
exerts upon the brain. In declaiming on these topics, it is ex-
traordinary to note, in these days of general enlightenment,
with what prejudice or indifference the matter is still treated-.
We educate or cram the mental faculties, often with the veriest
lumber in the way of facts, but, partly in the case of one sex,
and almost wholly in the case of the other, we leave the bodily
powers to take care of themselves. Were the subject of
physical training to take its legitimate place among the ed-
ucating forces of the time, we should startle our school admin-
istrators and probably revolutionise society. Both leisure and
opportunity would, at least, not be wanting for the proper

156

pursuit of health, of body as well as of mind. Down would
go the prejudices, and a way would vanish the delusions which
now hinder and impede. Indifference also would disappear,
and we should no more hear the flimsy pretext of preoccu-
pation or want of time to devote daily to bodily exercise.
Of the many delusions which the devotee of physical culture
has to meet, there is one I have myself repeatedly had to
refute, namely, the assertion that the human body adapts
itself as well to a life without, as it does to a life with, exer-
cise. This can be true only in the case of the man who is
content to go through life on the lowest plane of vitality.
"It is true," as a writer has well observed, " that you may
deprive your body of exercise and after a little time you will
cease to feel that imperative need of it which a man in perfect
health feels if he is by some chance deprived of his accustomed
game. But this only means that your body is in a lower con-
dition of vitality. It is perfectly easy to lower the tone of
the constitution without being aware of it. The native of a
slum in London is certainly less robust than a Yorkshire game-
keeper. But he is not reminded of this fact day by day. He
feels the same as usual, and that is all he knows about him-
self. The questions he ought to ask himself are, what kind of
old age is awaiting him ? Are his children healthy ? If not,
is their sickliness to be traced to their father ? Lastly, can
he do his daily work as efficiently and rapidly as if he were a
healthier man .?" *

THE BUGBEAR OF TRAINING.

Another, and often a more serious, obstacle one has to con-
tend against, is the want of persistence in exercising, even
when you have convinced your friend or pupil of the great
benefits to be derived from it. He makes excuse for his de-

* " Health Exhibition Literature," vol. x. p. 128 : London, 1884.

157

fection on the score of fatigue, and the sense of weariness
which the novice in physical training at first feels when he
begins to take muscular exercise. This is a trouble which all
beginners experience, until the unnatural stiffness or atrophy
of the muscles has been overcome and the body yields to the
muscular tone which continued exercise in time brings about.
A knowledge of the action-processes of the muscles will show
what must first take place before the tyro-in-training can find
comfort and real pleasure in his work. The muscles, he
must understand, work co-ordinately, that is, in a harmonious
though antagonistic process, the flexor, the bending or dou-
bling-up muscles, situate along the face- front of the trunk and
limbs as far down as the knees, pulling in one direction, and
the extensor, the straightening or opening-out muscles, behind
the body and limbs, drawing in another. Hence, until the
learner has advanced far enough with his exercises to enable
the extensor muscles to respond to his will, and counteract the
natural and acquired tendency of the flexors to contract and
double-up the limbs, he will feel the effort, and be incommoded
by it, to pursue his training with anything like hearty per
sisteiice. As time goes on, however, his practising will become
easier, and the muscles, at first so much estranged, will act
almost automatically and in concert. With increasing exer
cise will then come not only joy in the work, but such a control
of the muscles as will save great expenditure of nervous force,
superadded to those gains to health and vital power which the
young athlete will find the best rewards of his labour.

HYGIENIC EFFECTS OF EXERCISE.

But it is time, in these talks of the benefits of muscular
exercise to health, to turn a little more directly from the
popular treatment to the technical ; though, in anything I have
yet to say, I do not propose, of course, to trench seriously on

158

ground much better covered in the text-books on physiology.
I have already, though I fear in a rather desultory way,
shown the influence of exercise on the frame and the organs
of movement ; but something may still helpfully be said of
the changes which take place in the muscles as the result of
muscular action and its immediate and beneficial effect on the
blood. And first it is to be noted that muscular action, aided
by the quickened circulation and enrichment of the blood, of
which it is a consequence, disintegrates old and constructs
new tissue, and by certain chemical changes that take place
causes the generation of animal heat. Put in another way,
exercise, in conjunction with the quickened action of the
heart, accelerates the process of dissimilation, that is, the
destruction of the waste material in the body noxious to
health, and increases the process of assimilation, or conversion
of the food and oxygen into living tissue, the combined pro-
cess, by the combustion which results, creating heat. This
heat raises the temperature of the muscles and enables them
to respond more quickly and easily to the behests of the will,
acting through the nerve channels, as we see when a person
exercising, or otherwise drawing upon his nervous force,
warms, as we say, to his work. Secondly, work and heat,
thus associated, have a necessary and powerful influence
upon the whole life-processes. By quickening the circulation,
they hasten the passage of the blood to the heart and from
there to the lungs, where, being exposed to the oxygen inhaled
it is purified and freshened and set anew on its life-givin
mission. A further service which heat renders is to exci
the perspiratory glands to do their cleansing and refuse-ria-
ding work, aided by the stimulation which is at the same time
imparted to their coadjutors the lungs, the liver, and the
kidneys. The more work the skin does in the sweating pro-
cess, in carrying off the excretions, the less the liver and the
kidneys have to do ; but health and comfort, in this operation

159

of draining off impurities, demand, as a consequence, proper
attention to bathing and frequent ablutions.

MUSCULAR EXERCISE AS AN AID TO DIGESTION.

Thirdly, muscular exercise improves the powers of nutrition
and stimulates and strengthens the digestive apparatus.
That bodily exercise is a prime factor in promoting digestion
and in maintaining the digestive organs in health, is unfor-
tunately not so universally known as it should be. Of the fact,
however, there is no manner of doubt. The changes effected
before food becomes fit to be taken up in the blood and put in
circulation for the sustenance of the body, are, it is true,
mainly mechanical and chemical ; the former being supplied
partly by the teeth and partly by the muscles of the alimentary
canal, the latter (the chemical changes) by the saliva, gastric
juice, and intestinal secretions. But though this operation is
the result of the action of what is termed the " involuntary "
muscles, that is, the muscles which seem to do their work
independently of the will, the "voluntary" muscles, which are
specially stimulated by exercise, have an important bearing
on the process. Those movements, it may here be said, which
specially act upon and strengthen the abdominal muscles are
of prime value in their aid to digestion, and should not be
neglected by the dyspeptic. By their exercise, not only
minor but serious disorders in the digestive organs can be
relieved and cured, while a salutary effect can also be exerted
on the bowels and intestines, which otherwise not infrequently
become torpid. The effect of exercise on the secretions is no
less beneficial, for accelerated circulation, it is well known,
hastens the gathering-up of the waste matter in the body and
its exudation by the great organs of excretion the skin, the
lungs, and the kidneys. Equally vital to the lungs and air-
passages is muscular exercise, and the more so if active

160

enough to enlarge the thoracic cavity, or chest, by a full and
free play of the breathing power.

In talking of exercise as an aid to digestion, I am con-
strained to make a slight digression here, that I may speak
of the beneficial effects of a plain, wholesome diet in the work
of muscle-forming and in giving strength and endurance to
the body. On this subject, common as it might be considered
among the economies of domestic life, few seem to have any
intelligent notion of the nutritive value of foods, or to be able
to choose a diet, at once sustaining and palatable, adapted
either to one's work or to one's purse. With the lavishness
characteristic of the American continent, money is spent like
water on the provision for the table, much of which is either
unsuited to the system, or injurious to health ; much again
is wasted on bad cooking ; while more is thrown away as ref-
use, instead of being utilised after the manner of the thriftier,
yet tasteful and appetising, economies of the French cuisine.
It is a pity that there should be such ignorance, wastefulness,
and false pride, for all these if I may be suffered to be so
censorious as to say so are manifested, in too many cases, in
the dieting provision and arrangements of American hotels,
boarding-houses and households. In these remarks, I have,
of course, no desire to air a personal fad, still less to give ex-
pression to national prejudice. What has struck me, in the
case of American living, is its generousness a quality which
however good in its way, is not always wise in itself, or fairly
dealt with by those who are permitted to minister to it. In.
matters of the table, the popular habit appears to be, to get
the best that money can buy, and have lots of it ; forgetting;
that the dearer meats are often not the most nourishing, and
that the plainer foods are the wholesomest, and, where mod-
erately partaken of, are easiest of digestion, as well as the
most strengthening. To the sybarite, no doubt, it is pleas-
antest to consider the palate first, and digestion and nourish-

161

ment afterwards ; but to the infastidious masses, if their
purse does not constrain them, their common sense should,
and common sense is not shown in sacrificing nutriment to
flavour. Happily, an American expert in physiological mat-
ters has recently been taking up this parable and preaching it
with intelligent earnestness to, at least, his own people. His
arraignment is of the four common mistakes in American
households, viz.: "the use of needlessly expensive kinds of
food ; the failure to select the varieties best fitted to our
needs for nourishment ; in other words, using relatively too
much of certain materials and too little of others ; eating
more than is well for health or purse ; and throwing away a
great deal of food that ought to be utilised." * What chiefly
concerns me in this indictment is the failure to recognise and
make use of the food best adapted to the body's wants in the
generating of heat and energy. The authority I have quoted
is emphatic in affirming that the masses, as a rule, understand
little about the nutritive properties of different food materials,
as compared with the prices they pay, and with their needs
for nourishment. Nor is it a bourgeois taste, but a sound
medical judgment, that leads this noted expert to illustrate
his argument by declaring that " in buying at ordinary mar-
ket-rates we get as much material to build up our bodies, re-
pair their waste, and give us strength for work, in 5 cents'
worth of flour, or beans, or codfish, as 50c. or $1 will pay for
in tenderloin, salmon, or lobsters." He adds that there is as
much nutritive value in a pound of wheat flour as in 7 Ibs.,
or 3| quarts, of oysters, and that, compared with a tenderloin
at 50c., a round steak at 15c. a Ib. contains as much protein
and energy, is just as digestible, and fully as nutritive. To
the plutocratic gourmand, who wants to live well, whatever

* Vide articles in The Forum for June, 1892, and Sept., 1893, by Prof. W. O.
Atwater, on "Food-wastes in American Households."

162

:

he cost, all this may be distasteful and the rankest heresy ;
but the wise will probably note the fact, and, it may be, look
with more enquiring eye into the ascertained laws of nutrition
and the researches of medical men and physiologists interested
in health-science and in the laudable economies, as well as the
comfort and happiness, of the household. I pass from the
subject, content'with this simple reference to it, and directing
the reader, if he cares to look further into it, to the interesting
table in the appendix, on the relative amounts of protein and
energy derivable from the different kinds of food. For the
privilege of incorporating this table, the publishers are indebted
to the courtesy of the Editor of The Forum.

From diet to dress the transition is both natural and easy.
I have already spoken of the injurious effects on respiration
of tight garments, and of the propriety, in taking muscular
exercise, of divesting one's self of all restricting and imped-
ing clothing. Much also might be said of the deforming ef-
fects, in the case of women and young girls, of tight corsets
and small shoes. The necessity for reform in these respects
is great, as both are incalculable evils, which may well enlist
the ameliorating efforts of those of the sex who earnestly de-
nounce them. With these objectionable things discarded, or
structurally modified, so that they will not occasion the ills
for which they are now responsible, the health and vigour of
women would sensibly improve, the resort to cosmetics would
become unnecessary, and the nervous disorders and ailing
feeling, which deprive the sex of half the joy of life, would
vanish. Then would it be possible for women, whose vital
force is now low, to take long walks and indulge in muscular
training and derive benefit therefrom ; to be able, with comfort,
to trip up and down stairs and feel exhilaration in the exer-
cise ; and to perform all the duties of life with elasticity and
freedom. The influence would be no less appreciable in the
increased pliancy and grace of the human figure, while, with

163

suitable exercise with light dumb-bells, the contour would
improve, and the whole system be toned and invigorated.
The effects upon the sterner sex of looser clothing and easy-
fitting shoes, with the increased freedom therefrom to take
healthful exercise, and with comfort go about their daily avo-
cations, are not the less palpable and real. But the great
desideratum is the systematic physical cultivation of the body,
and the proper control, as well as exercise, of the muscles.
The quickened action of the blood, put in motion by periodic
exercise, will do much to dispal the humours which confining
pursuits and a sedentary life invite, and give tone and pliancy
to the whole organism. By the due awakening of the mus-
cular system, increased flexibility and a higher command of
the working machinery of the body will be gained, the joints
will be rendered more supple, and either-handedness become
as common as it is now rare.

HOW I PASS THE DAY.

Before passing to my concluding topic, the influence of
exercise on the nervous system and the mental life, let me say
a word about my own diet and training. I am myself no
believer in a special diet, still less in a rigid one, as necessary
while training. The old nonsense on this subject, about raw
eggs and underdone meat, seems to be passing away, and more
rational views now prevail. I eat whatever I have a taste
for, without stinting myself unduly ; nor do I restrict myself
seriously in what I drink. Commonly, I abjure anything
intoxicating, confining myself mostly to beer and light
wines. Tea and coffee I never suffer myself to touch. All I
impose upon my appetites is that they shall be temperately
indulged. I endeavour to have my meals at regular hours,
and prefer that they shall be simple and easy of digestion. I
always take care to chew my food, proper mastication being

164

a sine qua non of health. I take plenty of sleep and find this
essential to my well-being. As I do not generally get to bed
before midnight, or even later, I do not rise until eleven,
when I take a cold bath all the year round, preceded by
a little light exercise with the dumb-bells. I then have
breakfast, and after attending to my correspondence and see-
ing my friends, I go for a walk or a drive, whatever be the
weather. At seven I dine, after which I rest until my even-
ing performance, and close the day with another cold bath
and supper. Usually, I dress lightly, though always suitably
to the season. My nightly exhibitions, I may add, supply me,
together with a good constitutional every day, with all the
exercise I need. If I want more, I take it, as I sit reading or
smoking, by nicking my muscles.

INFLUENCE OF EXERCISE ON THE MIND.

As an aid to cerebral movements and to the strengthening
and clarifying of the mental faculties, no better specific can
be suggested than muscular exercise. It is also of great bene-
fit in conserving the nervous force, for the muscular move-
ments have a co-ordinate action on the brain, and seem to
stimulate the powers and lessen the fatigues of intellectual
effort. Its effect on the nervous system is specially to be
noted in the case of those who suffer from fear or timidity, who
stammer in their speech, are prone to make grimaces, or lack
proper control of the muscles of the face or the body. But its
chief importance is the tone it gives to the whole physical sys-
tem, which enables it to bear the strain incident upon mental
concentration, and at the same time to quicken the wit, and
render prompt and decisive the judgment. Its moral effect
is no less obvious, for it tends to wholesome- mindedness and
the tonic bracing of the whole man. For brain- workers, and
especially for youth at school and university, where physical

165

education is not assigned its due place in the curriculum, the
benefits of copious supplies of good arterial blood is of the
deepest importance and should by all means be sought in daily
muscular exercise. Without exercise and fresh air, proper
oxygenation of the blood cannot take place, and the faculties
will lack the invigoration which they ought imperatively to
receive. To go on in neglect of this is to stint and impoverish
the physical, and to cramp and probably debase the mental,
man. The youth at college can have no better zest or stimulant
in his studies than an occasional break in their monotony by
a little muscular exercise and a restful confab with a room-
mate or friend. The exercise, at any rate, he ought to have,
for without it one can do one's work only under crippling and
enfeebling conditions.

Since the foregoing was in type, a thoughtful article on
" Child-Study : the Basis of Exact Education," has appeared
in The Forum, from the pen of Prof. Gr. Stanley Hall, well,
known to readers by his voluminous writings on psychological
and educational topics. The article, among other instructive
matters bearing on the "natural history of students," em-
phasises what has been said in the preceding paragraph on
the value of muscular exercise as an aid to cerebral move-
ment and to the strengthening and clarifying of the mental
faculties. The writer particularly urges, in the case of pupils
at school, at a time " when Nature gives man his capital of
life-force," increased periods of recreation and improved
hygienic conditions under which they shall study, for "work
with dulled minds," he forcibly affirms, "breeds all bad
mental habits," and, if there is no zestful recreation, no en-
thusiasm for play as well as for work, passion and self-
indulgence will take the place of deep and strong interests in
intellectual and moral fields. Muscular education, Dr. Hall
insists, ought largely to precede mental training, ' ' especially
since thought is coming to be regarded as repressed muscle-

166

I

action," and since the dry, unrelieved toil and constant tension
of school-hours are making great draughts on the nervous
system of children, lowering the vital energy, and with it the
morale and tone of school-life, besides befogging and weaken-
ing the brain and inducing all kinds of ailments and disease.
The writer admits, of course, that very many children during
the school- age would be sickly anyway, and that there are
many other causes of sickness besides the school.

" But, on the other hand," he goes on to say, " as shown by many
tests, school-house air and bacteria, even in floor-cracks and in the
children's finger-nails the defective light in some parts of most
school-rooms, unphysiological seats, the monotonous strain upon
fingers in writing and upon the eye, the necessity of sitting still as
the basis of school- work, when activity is the very essence of child-
hood, the worry of examinations, memory-cram, and bad methods,
are, one and all, more or less morbific.

" The modern school is now the most widely extended institution
the world has ever seen, and it was never so fast extending as at
present. North Africa, New Zealand, Egypt, Finland, and many
till lately barbarous lands, under the present colonial policies, have
developed elaborate school-systems. The juvenile world now goes
to school and has its brain titillated and tattooed, and we have en-
tirely forgotten that men have been not only good citizens but great,
who were in idyllic ignorance of even the belauded invention of
Cadmus. Now, if this tremendous school-engine, in which every-
body believes with a catholic consensus of belief perhaps never
before attained, is in the least degree tending to deteriorate mankind
physically, it is bad. Knowledge bought at the expense of health,
which is wholeness or holiness itself in its higher aspect, is not
worth what it costs. Health conditions all the highest joys of life,
means full maturity, national prosperity. May we not reverently
ask, What shall it profit a child if he gain the whole world of knowl-
edge and lose his health, or what shall he give in exchange for his
health ?

167

" That this is coming to be felt is seen in the rapidly growing
systems of school-excursions, school-baths, school-gardens, school-
lunches, provisions for gymnastics in the various schools, medical
inspection, school polyclinics, all of which have lately been repeat-
edly prescribed and officially normalized. Not all, but many of these
are quite new. Here, too, must be placed the interesting tendency
to introduce old English sports and even Greek games ; the careful
psychological study of toys, and the several toy-expositions lately
held in Europe ; the new hygienic laws concerning school-grounds
and buildings, and occasionally books ; the rapid growth of vertical
script because it requires an erect attitude ; new methods of manual
and physical training which recognise the difference between the
fundamental, finer, later and more peripheral accessory movements.
To select from all these, one, namely medical inspection of schools
this is perhaps nowhere carried farther than in some wards of Paris,
where young physicians inspect the eyes, ears, and digestion of each
child, and note in a health-book suggestions to both parents and
teachers as to diet, regimen, exercise, and studies, besides inspecting
the buildings and grounds. The assumption is that all must be
judged from the standpoint of health, and that an educational system
must make children better and not worse, in health."

CAUTION AGAINST OVER-EXERCISE.

A closing word will not be out of place on th ill-effects of
over-straining and unsuitable exercise. The danger in the
misuse of athletics is more that against which the young have
to guard, for they are apt to misjudge their powers and, in a
foolish spirit of rivalry, to over-tax them. This tendency
should be frowned upon and discouraged ; and to effect this,
no number of young men should be permitted to take exer-
cise together, except under watchful and competent super-
vision. The use, or even the lifting, of heavy weights should
also be discouraged, by those at least who have not the ade-
quate strength, or do not know the " knack " in handling them.

168

Unless well-coached, the young athlete is almost certain to
stand badly or poise his body in such a way as to overstrain
some muscle upon which the weight should not have fallen,
or not have mainly fallen, and, it may be, run the risk of rup-
ture. There is also danger to the heart to be guarded against
in indulging in violent exercise. So far as medical testimony
goes, however, the instances are not many where injurious
results have followed upon even severe physical exertion ;
and all that need be regarded is to be temperate and sensible.
Of course, what may be excessive or unsuitable exercise in
one man may not be so in another. Experience and common-
sense must here be the judge.

XIX.
EXEECISE AND THE BODILY FUNCTIONS.

MODERN civilisation is seriously discredited by the ignorance
usually to be met with in regard to the effects of exercise on
the bodily functions. If there were more enlightenment on
this subject, it is not too much to say, that the race would
live longer and the average health would be higher. Of all
topics vital to humanity that of health admittedly is the
most important ; and yet it is a subject on which few people
talk with concern and at the same time with practical intelli-
gence. Converse with any ten men you meet on the subject
of physical training as an aid to health, and of the number
you will, as a rule, find but one man interested, and, more
than likely, he will be a valetudinarian. So long as he is not
actually ill, it is extraordinary how content the average man
is to go on in almost the lowest plane of vitality, and with

170

FIGURE OF ATHLETE, SHOWING SKELETON.

FIGURE OF ATHLETE, SHOWING MUSCLES, POSTERIOR ASPECT.

the minimum both of health and of strength. Nor, when ill-
ness finally seizes him, in nine cases out of ten, does he in the
least know what to do. In this respect, with all his boasted
intelligence, he is usually in a worse plight than his cat or his
dog. Without resource in himself, the resort, when he has
got tired of ailing, is commonly to the doctor. Then empir-
icism, more often perhaps than science, has its innings, and,
unless he is unusually lucky, he finds that instead of one man
not knowing intelligently what to do for him, there are two.

NEGLECT OF EXERCISE AS AN AGENT AND PROMOTER OF HEALTH.

The ignorance we premise on the subject of health and the
conditions that best make for it, is, to those who are charged
with the public care of it, as startling as it is calamitous. In
no province of inquiry is there more p'itiful data currently
gathered than in that which takes note of the insanitary con-
ditions under which most people live in the neglect of syste-
matic daily exercise as an agent and promoter of health. If
we return once more to the subject in this chapter, it is be-
cause of its paramount importance, though we do so, we
know, at the risk of being charged with advancing only
another nostrum for the ailments of the race. Call muscular
exercise, however, a nostrum if you will, it can have no kin-
ship with quack remedies in this, that the patient will know
what he is taking, and can soon test its efficacy and discern
its effects. Given a good system of physical training to work
on, and intelligent counsel as a guide, a brief novitiate is all
that is needed to produce results that will astonish as well as
gratify the most sceptical.

THE AMBITION COMMENDABLE TO BE HEALTHY AND STRONG.

A course of training entered upon with the design of pro-

171

moting health, and, so far as one can, of perfecting the
human organism, is surely worthy of more than a lukewarm
interest. The ambition to be healthy is no less commendable
than is the ambition to be successful, skilful, or strong.
Health is axiomatically affirmed to be the first of requisites,
yet how much, and again how little, do we severally mean by
the saying ? The life-preserving instinct still survives in the
race, but in myriads of instances, from our ignorance or
contumacy, how little is that life worth living. Our whole
manner of life is now a constant disregard of healthy instincts
and a crass setting of nature at defiance. ' ' We have' perfected
every mechanical invention," observes a thoughtful writer,
" while we have suffered our bodies the most perfect machine
of all to atrophy or rust." For specimens of exultant health,
we perforce have nowadays to go to the savage. Our cities,
with their artificial life and acres of contracted fusty flats
and miasmatic tenement houses, do not produce them ; nor
hardly do we dare to look for them even in the country,
where the feverish excitements and degenerating conventions
of the town have now penetrated. So far from seeking in
these quarters for sound bodies and robust health, we have
come to look for, if not wide-spread disease, the conditions
that but too surely make for it. On every side is seen a
criminal disregard of the physiological laws of health, and, as
a consequence, all kinds of physical and mental disorder, with
an unarrested and well-nigh unregretted decadence in the
higher functions of the human body. Instead of aiming to
live, as we might, a joyous healthy life, unchequered by the
penalties we must pay for our physiological sins, we have
come to regard our everyday and all but universal ailments
as the normal condition of mundane existence.

"The farther you have strayed from Nature," observes an
able medical writer, " the longer it will take you to retrace
your steps. " The remark reads like a satire on the dismal ef-

' 172

forts of our moral regenerators to improve upon Nature, to
counteract the vicious tendencies of modern life, and to do
everything but stay at its source the progress of physical
degeneracy. The same authority we have cited adds, with
a touch of pardonable cynicism, that " we have countless
benevolent institutions for the prevention of outright death,
but not one benevolent enough to make life worth living."
Could we have in every town free gymnasia as we have in
many free public baths, the reproach, in large measure, might
be removed. But we have, as a nation, grown reckless of the
public health, as we have grown callous in respect to its claims.
This the mortality tables of our large cities, with their ap-
palling record of the march to the grave of half-spent lives,
seem distressingly to prove. Our supineness, we suppose, will
go on until either some commanding voice arises to prick
effectually the stifled conscience of a heedless, though humane,
people, or a time of national peril will again come, when the
physical vigour of the nation's muscle-defence will be tried in
the balance and found wanting.

THE INTER-RELATION OP BODY AND BRAIN.

Did we give heed to the subject, there would be no doubt of
the supreme value of daily muscular exercise to the mental
and bodily system. We bracket the two, for physiological
science has put beyond question the inter-relation of body and
brain, and the great activity of function which results from
the expenditure of muscular energy. It is one of the inter-
esting points in the study of this subject, to note the physio-
logical effects of exercise on the human organism. Alike in
the brain that thinks and in the muscle that acts, results are
immediately visible which are as striking as they are incon-
testable. Negatively, this is shown in the identical disturb-
ances that take place in the system after excessive physical ex-

173

ercise, and after exhausting mental toil. Physicians tell us,
among other things in common, that there is the same tur-
bidity of the urine, due to the imperfect burning of the nitro-
genous waste substances, which have otherwise to be elimi-
nated from the system. The points of positive similarity are
no less remarkable where the results are stimulating and ben-
eficial. There is the same increase in the blood-supply after
exercise, and a greater production of heat, both being essen-
tial to strenuous bodily and intellectual effort. The fortifying
and invigorating influence of active blood-circulation every one
has experienced for himself : when the muscles are heated,
the functional activity increases, and the body is then most
apable of energetic action. Under active exercise, to use an
ordinary figure, we increase the fire-draught, and with in-
creased fire-draught there is more rapid combustion and there-
fore more heat. This functional stimulation of the body neces-
sarily calls for greater supplies of oxygen, and this again pro-
duces enrichment of the blood, and has an energising effect
upon the nutritive processes. The heart, moreover, under-
goes change of size and structure, frees itself from impeding
fats, and becomes more fitted for its arduous work. With
exercise which increases the contractile power of the muscles,
the muscles themselves become more elastic, less susceptible
to injury and fatigue, and more firm and enduring. Thus,
like the workman who has command of his resources, and can
improve the tools of his craft, he who, by exercise, keeps his
body in good form is best able to use his organs of work and
movement to the fullest advantage and likely to maintain
himself in the highest degree of health. Practice will, at the
same time, teach him the best methods of utilising his forces
how to economise his breath, conserve his strength, and
call to his aid the muscles most fitted for his daily tasks.

MR. SANDOW REMARKABLE AS A HUMAN MOTOR.

Habituation to exercise not only renders hard work easier
to perform, but it economises the effort necessary to accom-
plish it. Mr. Sandow is himself a striking example in this
respect ; you never see him either breathless or excited, and,
even under severe strain, his heart-beat is very uniform, and
seldom does he perspire. Beyond any one we have ever seen,
he has the most perfect command of his powers. Not only
are his muscles marvellously strong, but, to a phenomenal
degree, he has acquired the knack of intelligently using them.
In the novice, the action of certain muscles is paralysed, as it
has been phrased, by the awkward intervention of their an-
tagonists. It is not so, we need hardly say, with the re-
nowned athlete. Every muscle, in his case, is so perfectly
trained, as well as under such immediate control, that it does
its own assigned duty ; while co-ordination of movements is
with him rigidly yet unconsciously practised. The effect of
this is to distribute the burden of the heavy weights he sup-
ports evenly over the muscles, so that no one of them is put
to an undue strain. As a human motor, there is not only
wonderful strength in Mr. Sandow's muscles, but remark-
able facility and ease in their working, amounting almost to
automatism ; while there is little or no drain upon the
nervous system.

THE SECRET OF HEAVY-WEIGHT LIFTING.

In the case of notable athletes, the chief secret of being
able to bear great burdens is this, that they know how to
distribute the strain of the heavy weights they lift over the
whole organism, calling into aid not only the muscles of the
arm, but those of the trunk and legs, as well as utilising the
main framework of the body, the vertebral column, pelvis,

175

and bones of the lower limbs. They have also learnt the art
of so poising the frame that any heavy weight held aloft by
the arm shall be parallel to the general direction of the ver-
tebral column, resting upon the nicely-balanced lower limbs
and the firmly-planted feet. The co-operation of the bones
and muscles of the whole body becomes with practice so easy,
that the movements they engage in are accomplished almost
automatically, and without taking possession of the brain, or,
as we have said, consciously drawing upon the nervous force.
That this can be done at all, is one of the curious facts in
mental science, for the spinal cord, which is primarily a con-
ductor of movements initiated by the brain, seems to have a
memory, and, after a certain habituation to the work to be
performed, is able to repeat the movements without much, if
any, intervention of. the will. Fatigue thus becomes a
muscular, rather than a nervous, otrain, a matter of prime
importance to the athlete.

THE PROBLEM OF OBESITY SOLVED.

The absence of fat in the human machine is another of the
advantages to the athlete, as it prevents clogging of the
muscles and the breathlessness which a fat man suffers from
by the formation in the system of carbonic acid, caused by
the rapid combustion of the fatty tissues under active mus-
cular exercise. For the reduction of fat, as well as for pro-
ducing that perfect equilibrium of the functions most favour-
able to health, there is no better specific than systematic
physical training. With persistence in training, and
especially in performing the exercise, No. 15, prescribed in the
practical section of this volume, the problem of obesity can
be solved, aided by the usual precautions as to diet. The
exercise to which we have referred is important in this, that
it effectively attacks the constitutional as well as the reserve

176

fat tissue, in the region which has an awkward tendency to
conserve it, and if constantly practised will reduce its extent,
if it does not cause it wholly to disappear. The elimination
of the fat will get rid also of breathlessness and the excessive
aqueous secretions induced by active exercise. The excretory
organs, moreover, will have less to do, and, with advantage
to the health, be more free to assist the process of dissimi-
lation.

We need hardly do more than mention the necessity of the
daily cold bath after exercise and plenty of fresh air while ex-
ercising. We shall, later on, have more to say of these essen-
tials ; meanwhile, their importance should not be overlooked
by the athlete-in-training. The skin has functions to per-
form, excretory as well as respiratory ; and it is of vital con-
sequence that it should be enabled to do its dual work under
the most favouring circumstances. Not less essential to the
bodily health and vigour, is the need of copious supplies of
pure vivifying air, if the blood is to be well-oxygenated and
vital activity promoted through respiratory energy. Good
nourishing food and abundant sleep, with, if practicable,
occasional intervals of repose during the working hours,
should not be neglected, while the physical as well as the
mental man will be the gainer by maintaining, as far as pos-
sible, a tranquil and unharassed mind. Attention to these,
among other points elsewhere dwelt upon, will be of import-
ance, especially to the youth who seeks in systematic muscular
exercise to improve his bodily functions and maintain himself
in robust physical health and active mental vigour.

177

THE CHIEF MUSCLES, WHERE THEY ARE
SITUATED, AND WHAT THEY DO.

IT will be convenient if we devote a page or two to a brief
description and naming of the chief muscles actively concerned
in the movements of the body, or of parts of it, so that we
may know them when they are designated in the exercises,
and apprehend their functions. In the human body, the mus-
cles are of two kinds : (1) those that belong to the animal life,
named the voluntary muscles, as they act in response to the
will ; and (2) those that are concerned with the organic life,
named the involuntary muscles, which, as a rule, are not con-
trolled by the will. The former furnish the machinery of
locomotion and work, by the use of which we perform all the
acts of life, as in walking, running, lifting, carrying, breath-
ing, speaking, singing, etc. The latter subserve the purposes

178

of organic life, and have important functions as aids to nutri-
tion, digestion, circulation, etc. The two kinds are otherwise
distinguished as striped and unstriped muscles, each varying
somewhat in its structure, the striped being, as a rule, fibrous
and striated, the unstriped smooth and cellular. Both are
endowed with the property of contractility, the voluntary
muscles contracting more rapidly than the involuntary, and
markedly so as the result of active bodily exercise. The volun-
tary muscles, as they lie chiefly on the surface, form, with the
skin, the protective sheathing of the body, and are the means
by which the bones are fastened together and made to hinge
on their joints. Their form is generally either flat and rib-
bon-shaped, or bunched up in the middle in short layers, with
tapering ends attached by sinews or tendons, at the one end
to a fixed bone, designated the muscle-origin, at the other to
a movable bone, or integument, designated the muscle- inser-
tion. The voluntary muscles have this peculiarity incident
to their contracting power, viz., that they are, for the most
part, so arranged as to antagonise or oppose each other, one
set pulling in one direction, the other set pulling in another.
This contrariety of action we see in operation when we open
and close the hand or bend and straighten out the arm. The
muscles of the head, the shoulder, the back, and the lower
limbs, act in the same way, there being for every motion in
one direction a counter-motion in another. In the case of the
involuntary muscles, it is this contracting power that operates
on the blood-vessels and the intestines, by forcing on, in the
former, the circulation of the blood, and the passage, in the
latter, of nutritive or excretory matter through or out of the
system. The two sets of antagonistic muscles are named, as
we have hitherto indicated, the flexors, or pullirig and drawing-
up muscles, and the extensors, or relaxing and opening-out
ones. The operation of the flexors is seen in the arm when it
is flexed, that is, bent or pulled up. It is also seen in the

179

palm of the hand when the fingers are closed, and in the
lower limbs, when they are drawn up at the doubling of the
knee-joint. The action of the extensors is seen in the com-
plementary motion, which is the reverse of all these, as in the
operation of the triceps, at the back of the upper arm, which
extends or straightens the forearm out when it has been flexed
or doubled up. Another instance may be given of the counter-
action of opposing muscles, namely, in the case of the deltoid
muscle, the thick, fan-shaped, fibrous layer which envelops
the shoulder, and whose function it is to raise the arm set
against the pectoral muscle (the Pectoralis Major) which
covers the upper and forepart of the chest, acting in concert
with the lumbar and dorsal muscles (the Latissimus dorsi and
the Teres Major), whose combined function it is to draw the
arm down, assisted, of course, by its own weight.

Generally speaking, the voluntary muscles only are acted
upon by the will, communicated through the motor nerves.
Exercise, we have already seen, stimulates the action of the
muscles, for muscular contraction produces animal heat, and
a heated muscle, we know, acts more quickly and powerfully
than one at a normal temperature. Heat, moreover, quickens
the action of the heart, and this again has its effect on the
blood, and, through the blood, a prime factor is set in motion
in repairing the waste material and renewing the life-giving
properties of the body. The more actively we call the mus-
cles into play, the more beneficial will the results be on the
strength and health of the body. But the muscles are not
only the vehicles through which the will acts, in inciting
to labour and movement ; they play an important part in
the functions of breathing, speaking, seeing, and hearing.
They also perform an involuntary service in giving expression
to the feelings and emotions, through the muscles of the face,
including those of the eyes and the mouth. In this latter
respect, healthful exercise becomes, one might almost say, a

180

moral duty ; for it not only lightens up the face and gives
mobility to the muscles of expression, but has a bracing effect
on the mind and an enlivening influence on the spirits. Nor
should we forget that the muscles form more than one-half of
the bulk of the body, and if we neglect their due development
and withhold the invigorating influence which exercise exerts
upon them, we commit a crime the gravity of which few
adequately appreciate.

The muscles, of which there are at least five hundred in
number, are named from their uses, shape, situation, and
direction ; sometimes also from their points of attachment,
as well as from the number of their divisions ; such as the
Biceps and the Triceps, the two-headed flexor, and the three-
headed extensor, muscles of the arm. We shall confine our
notice only to the chief voluntary muscles, to which the sub-
sequent course of exercises will in part refer, and for the
development and strengthening of which the movements are
especially designed to aid. In the following enumeration and
memorandum of the functions of the muscles treated of
namely, those of the upper and lower limbs, the thoracic
cavity, and the trunk we owe our indebtedness chiefly to the
great text-books on anatomy, of Quain and Gray. Our descrip-
tions will be materially helped by the anatomical plates re-
produced in these pages, after drawings by Prof. Roth.

Let us first deal with the muscles of the upper and fore part
of the chest, the shoulder, the arm and forearm ; being those
that come into play as the chief organs of motion, and, with the
intercostals, the great muscle of the lateral thoracic region
the Serratus Magnus and the pectoral muscles of the anterior
thoracic region, assist in the process of breathing, among their
other important functions. The first place has to be given to
the DELTOID muscle, which covers the shoulder, whose function
it is to raise the arm directly from the side, so as to bring it
at right angles with the body. Its fore-fibres, aided by the

181

Pectoralis Major, the broad triangular muscle situate at the
upper and forepart of the chest, draw the arm forwards and up-
wards, while its rear fibres, assisted by the Teres Major and
Latissimus dorsi the muscles that extend from under the
shoulder-blade over the lumbar and lower half of the dorsal
regions draw it backwards and downwards, or enable it to
rotate when extended. The deltoid acts as a cap and protector
to the deep structures of the shoulder- joint, its muscular fibres
being coarse, and so disposed in layers as to reinforce one
another and increase their functional power. For its power,
it depends mainly upon the shoulder-blade, steadied by the
serratus magnus, the head of the triceps, and the middle fibres
of the trapezius muscles, to be hereafter described. When
the deltoid has raised the arm to the horizontal position, its
further elevation is effected by the serratus magnus and tra-
pezius. The rounded prominence of the shoulder is due in
part to the thick coating of the deltoid, but mainly to the
form of the upper extremity of the arm-bone, which can be
felt moving under the muscle as the arm is rotated.

The PECTORALIS MAJOR, which adjoins the Deltoid muscle
and has its attachment below it, extends from the region of the
collar-bone in front of the armpit over the anterior portion of
the ribs. We have already pointed out one of its functions,
in conjunction with the Deltoid muscle ; another enables it to
draw the arm forward and rotate it inwards upon the chest.
It also performs another service, in concert with the Pectoralis
Minor and the Subclavius muscles, which lie beneath the Pec-
toralis Major, in drawing the ribs upwards and expanding the
chest, when the arms and shoulders are fixed ; and is thus an
important agent in forced inspiration. Another important
muscle, allied with the Pectoral and Subclavius in the latter
work, of elevating the ribs and dilating the chest, is the SERRA-
TUS MAGNUS. This muscle, which forms the inner wall of the
armpit, wraps the eight upper ribs on the sides of the chest,

182

its deep surface resting upon them and the intercostal mus-
cles. It assists the Trapezius muscle, which covers the upper
and back part of the neck and shoulders, in supporting weights
on the shoulder. It also lends its aid as a muscle of forced
inspiration. The serratus magnus muscle, by withdrawing
the base and lower angle of the shoulder-blade from the spinal
column, enables the arm, when raised from the shoulder, to
be still further outstretched, as in lunging with the dumb-
bells. It also comes powerfully into action in all movements
of pushing.

The TRAPESIUS is the flat, double muscle, triangular in form,
which covers the upper and back part of the neck and
shoulders, extending from the posterior part of the head, and
from the spinal column in the neck and back to the back part
of the collar-bone and shoulder-blade. It is divided in two
by the upper part of the spine. The function of each, separ-
ately, is to draw back the shoulder-blade, and by rotating it,
to raise the shoulder, and also to draw the head and spme
to the side. Jointly, the two trapezii have power to pull the
head back and to draw the shoulder-blades towards the spine.
The LATISSIMUS DORSI is the broad, flat muscle which covers
the lumbar and lower dorsal regions, beneath and below the
trapezius. It extends obliquely upwards on both sides of the
spine from the dorsal vertebra?, where it has its origin, to its
insertion in the inner and front portion of the humerus,
or arm-bone, near the upper end, and not far from the
shoulder-joint. Its action, in concert with the pectoral
muscles, is to draw the arms inwards and backwards, as in
the act of swimming ; or, if the arms are extended or
elevated, the latissimus dorsi has the power, jointly with the
pectoral and abdominal muscles, to draw the body forwards,
as in the act of walking on crutches, or upwards, as in
climbing.

We now come to the muscles of the arm and forearm,

183

which have so much to do in the active and useful work of
life. For this work, the upper-arm is especially strong, being
furnished with long, stout muscles, bunched in the middle by
deep layers of connective tissue, and firmly fastened in their
end-settings so as to withstand the strain they have to bear.
On the front face of the arm is the two-headed muscle, the
BICEPS, which is so prominent as to be seen and felt, from its
origin, at the head of the arm-bone, underneath the triangu-
lar point of the deltoid muscle which envelops the shoulder,
to its flattened tendon insertion near to and below the bend
of the elbow. This long spindle-shaped muscle, which occu-
pies the whole of the front surface of the upper arm, is the
great flexor of the arm ; it also acts as a supinator, and serves
to render tense the fascia, or small membranes, of the fore-
arm, by means of the broad enswathing band given off from
its tendon. When the forearm is fixed, the BICEPS and BRACH-
IALIS ANTICUS flex the arm upon the forearm, as seen in the
effort of climbing. On the hinder part of the arm, extend-
ing along the entire length of the arm-bone, is the TRICEPS
muscle, the sole extensor, or straightening-out, muscle of the
forearm. In this capacity, its action is that of a force applied
to a lever of the first order. The triceps is the direct antago-
niser of the biceps and brachialis anticus, for when the lat-
ter muscle bends the arm upwards at the elbow, the former
draws it into a right line with the arm again. The BRACHIALIS
ANTICUS is the muscle which lies immediately behind and
projects on each side of the biceps. It covers and forms an
important defence to the elbow- joint and the lower half of
the front arm-bone, and is, as we have pointed out, a flexor
of the elbow. The CORACO-BRACHIALIS, the remaining mus-
cle of the front upper-arm, is the small slender one arising
in common with the short head of the biceps, from a pro-
cess of the shoulder-blade extending down to the middle of
the inner side of the humerus, or arm-bone. Its action is to

184

PLATE VI.

MUSCLES OF THE FLEXED AKM.

ANTERIOR, POSTERIOR AND LATERAL ASPECTS.

185

PLATE V.

MUSCLES OP THE TRUNK, SHOULDER, EXTENDED ARMS AND FLEXED

186

draw the arm forwards and inwards upon the side of the
chest.

The muscles of the forearm, though more numerous, need
not especially detain us. They are divided into two groups,
the front or inner, and the rear or outer groups, each again
being divided into the surface muscles, and those of the deep-
lying layers. As will be seen from the drawings that illustrate
the region, most of the muscles have their source in the upper
arm and enfold and protect the two bones, of which the fore-
arm is composed the ulna, or elbow-bone, the larger of the
two, and the radius, or outer bone, lying parallel with its
fellow and reaching from the elbow to the wrist. The front
or inner group consists of the flexors and pronators, that is,
those that bend or turn the forearm, wrist, and hand ; the
rear or outer group comprises the extensors and supinators,
the direct antagonisers of the front group and that pull in the
opposite direction. Most of the muscles of the forearm not
only have, as we have said, their source in the arm proper,
but are considerably strengthened by the tendinous fibres
derived from the three great muscles of that upper limb. Of
the flexor and pronator group, there are five superficial and
three interior or deep-lying muscles. Technically, their
actions are described by Gray as follows : " Those acting on
the forearm are the pronator radii teres and pronator quad-
ratus, which rotate the radius bone upon the ulna, rendering
the hand prone (that is, turning the palm downward) ; when
pronation has been fully effected the pronator radii teres
assists the other muscles in flexing the forearm. The flexors
of the wrist are the flexor carpi ulnaris and radialis, and the
flexors of the phalanges (the line of the small bones of the fingers)
are the flexors sublimis and profundus digitorum ; the former
flexing the second phalanges, and the latter the last. The
flexor longus pollicis flexes the last phalanx of the thumb.
The three latter muscles, after flexing the phalanges, by con-

187

tinuing their action, act upon the wrist, assisting the ordinary
flexors of this joint ; and all those which are attached to the
humerus (arm-bone) assist in flexing the forearm upon the
arm. "

The muscles that form the outer and rear group of the fore-
arm, are three in the first division (the Radial region), and
four surface and five deep-lying muscles in the second division
(the Posterior brachial region). These, the antagonisers. as
we have said, of the flexors, comprise all the extensor and su-
pinator muscles, that is, those that straighten and turn upwards
the forearm, wrist, and hand. One of the latter, the Anconeus,
situate behind and below the elbow- joint, assists the triceps,
of which it is a continuation, in extending the forearm.
Others act in extending the wrist, etc. ; while still others do
duty in turning the arm, wrist and hand upwards. For an
enumeration of the intersecting muscles of the wrist and hand,
we must refer the reader to the anatomical manuals. A
glance, however, may be permitted us at the chief muscles of
the abdomen, and those of the lower limbs and the deeper
layer of the muscles of the back. And here it may be proper
to remark, though the fact is generally applicable, that the
force exerted by any muscle during its contraction is in pro-
portion to the number of muscular elements or fibres compos-
ing the muscle. This statement is made on the warrant of
Quain, the famous anatomist, and its cogency will be admitted
by those at least who know the increased power they derive from
engaging in continuous and systematic muscular exercise.
The gain is the more remarkable in the case of those who ex-
ercise their intercostal and abdominal muscles, to the great
benefit of their respiration and digestion. For an account of
the functional actions of the abdominal muscles, we are in-
debted to Dr. George McClellan (see his work on Regional Anat-
omy). That authority points out, in the first place, that the
crossed arrangement at the sides of the fibres of these muscles

188

serves to strengthen the abdominal wall, and, when all the
muscles of the region act together, they compress and support
the viscera and protect them from internal injury. He goes
on to say, that ' ' the muscles of the abdomen are quiescent
and relaxed during inspiration, but they aid in expiration
when the spine is fixed, by drawing the lower ribs downward
and inward. When the pelvis is fixed, the thorax is inclined
forward by the muscles of both sides acting together : if the
muscles of one side act, the trunk is bent to that side. The
oblique muscles cause rotation of the trunk, the external
oblique turning it to the same side. This is seen in mowing,
where the right external oblique and the left internal oblique
are simultaneously brought into action. In climbing, the
thorax serving as the base of attachment, the abdominal
muscles draw the pelvis upward and forward. The chief action
of the recti muscles is concerned in flexing the trunk when
the pelvis is fixed. Their peculiar segmentation and en-
closure in so firm a sheath enable them to maintain their
action in all possible bendings of the body."

The muscles of the back are very numerous and strengthen
it by five successive layers. Those of the outer layer, the
trapezius and the latissmus dorsi muscles, we have already
dealt with. The region of the second layer is that of the
shoulder-blade and the back part and side of the neck.
The muscles of this layer assist in giving movement to
the bones of the region. The third layer, which are chiefly
respiratory muscles, connect the back ribs with the spine, a
longitudinal section traversing the entire length of the back
part of the thoracic region. The fourth and fifth layers, which
also run vertically, from the dorsal and lumbar regions to the
neck, are important muscles in keeping the spine erect, in
rotating it, and in giving fixedness to the head and neck.
The chief muscle of the fourth layer is the Erector spinse,
which, with its accessories, the longissimus dorsi and spinalis

189

dorsi, serves, as its name implies, to maintain the spine in the
erect posture ; it also serves, observes Dr. Gray, "to bend the
trunk backwards when it is required to counterbalance the
influence of any weight borne in front of the body, as, for in-
stance, when a heavy weight is suspended from the neck, or
when there is any great abdominal development, as in preg-
nancy or dropsy. " The other muscles of the back have various
and manifold functions. Some muscles, besides giving sup-
port to the spine, or acting successively on different parts of
it, rotate it ; others again rotate the vertebrae on which the
neck and head are poised ; yet others draw the head back-
wards, or turn it from side to side. Still others, by their
costal attachments, depress the ribs, and thus assist in forced
expiration. Added to all these functions, is the no less prime
one, of giving strength to the back, and, as extensors, of
straightening it when bent.

A word, in conclusion, with reference to the chief muscles
of the lower extremity the hip, thigh, and leg. Before pass-
ing to these, reference should be made to the muscles situate
in the region of the lumbar vertebrae and the pelvis. The
chief of these are the PSOAS MAGNUS and ILIACUS, which, act-
ing from above, flex the thigh upon the pelvis, and at the same
time rotate the thigh-bone outwards, from the obliquity of
their insertion into the inner and back part of that bone.
Acting from below, the thigh-bone being fixed, the muscles
of both sides bend the lumbar portion of the spine and pelvis
forward. They also serve to maintain the erect position, l>v
supporting the spine and pelvis upon the thigh-bone, and assist
in raising the trunk when the body is in the recumbent position.
The Psoas Magnus muscle extends from the lumbar verte-
brae to the upper and inner part of the thigh-bone ; the Ilia-
cus from the inner surface of the pelvic bone to the femur, < >r
bone of the upper leg, near the Psoas. Other assisting agents,
in the act of moving the lower limbs and raising the body,

190

are found in the muscles of the gluteal or buttocks region,
and on which we sit. The chief of these is the coarse, ex-
tensor muscle, the GLUTEUS MAXIMUS, upon which the body
specially depends for its maintenance in the erect posture.
It extends from the pelvis to the outer part of the thigh-bone.
The action of the GLUTEUS MEDIUS from the ilium (the
large, flattened pelvis bone) is to abduct the thigh ; while,
acting from its insertion in the thigh-bone, it extends the pel-
vis outwards, thereby assisting in balancing the body when
standing on one leg. Its anterior fibres rotate the thigh in-
wards, the posterior fibres rotate it outwards. The gluteus
maximum extends the 'thigh-bone upon the pelvis, and thus
aids the body to rise from the sitting to the erect position.
It also aids in propelling the body in running and leaping.

On the inner side of the thigh, connecting the thigh-bone
with the front or middle of the pelvis, are a number of impor-
tant muscles. These are the GRACILIS, PECTINEUS, and the
three ADDUCTORS longus, brevis, and magnus. The gracilis
assists the SARTORIUS, the tailor-muscle of the thigh, in flex-
ing the leg and drawing it inwards ; it is also an adductor of
the thigh. The pectineus and the three adductors are the
chief agents in adducting or drawing close the thigh, as we
see in equestrian exercise, the flanks of the horse being
grasped between the knees by the action of these muscles.*
These adductor muscles, assisted by the Psoas and Iliacus,
the thigh upon the pelvis ; in walking, they also assist

drawing forward the hinder limb.

)own the front and outer face of the thigh, run the great
3les, the SARTORIUS, RECTUS FEMORIS, VASTUS INTERNUS
CRUREUS, and VASTUS EXTERNUS. The four latter are

lally spoken of as the QUADRICEPS EXTENSOR, or great

* For the development of these muscles, Mr. Sandow has invented and patented
chine, to which the reader or young athlete is elsewhere referred.

191

extensor muscle of the leg. The action of the sartorius is to
flex the leg upon the thigh, and, continuing, to flex the thigh
upon the pelvis, at the same time drawing the limb inwards,
so as to cross one leg over the other. Its position may be
traced by the hand, as it passes obliquely across the front of
the thigh to the inner side, and then descends vertically as
far as the knee, behind which it has its insertion. It is the
longest muscle in the body, extending from the pelvis to the
inner surface of the tibia, and has the power also of flexing
the pelvis upon the thigh, and, if one alone acts, it can rotate
the pelvis. The quadriceps extensor extends the leg upon the
thigh and straightens the knees. It has a four-headed origin
(hence its name) in the anterior, inner and outer surfaces
of the femur, near the hip-joint ; while its lower insertion is
the knee-cap and shin-bone, just below the knee-joint. " Tak-
ing its fixed point from the leg, as in standing," says Dr. Gray,
" this muscle will act upon the thigh-bone, supporting it
perpendicularly upon the head of the tibia (shin-bone), and
thus maintaining the entire weight of the body." The rec-
tus femoris muscle, which extends from the pelvis to the
knee-cap, ''assists the psoas and iliacus in supporting the
pelvis and trunk upon the thigh-bone, or in bending it for-
ward."

The muscles of the back of the thigh are the BICEPS, SEMI-
TENDINOSUS, and SEMI-MEMBRANOSUS. These are familiarly
called the "Hamstring muscles," and their function is to ilex
the leg upon the thigh. They are peculiar, observes Dr.
McClellan, " in that they are too short to allow of full flexion
of the hip while the leg is extended. They possess what is
called the ' ligamentous function,' owing to their attachment
passing over the two joints of the hip and the knee. Tims,
when the pelvis is fixed, the thigh can be only moderately
flexed while the knee is straight, but as soon as the knee is
flexed the hamstring muscles are relaxed and the thigh can be

192

entirely flexed. Acting from below, these muscles serve to
support the pelvis upon the head of the thigh-bone, prevent-
ing the trunk from falling forward. This is well shown in
feats of strength, where the body is thrown backward. When
the knee is semi-flexed the biceps rotates the leg slightly out-
ward, owing to its oblique direction downward and outward ;
and in the same way the semi-tendinosus and semi-membran-
osus assist the popliteus (the 'ham' or back part of the
knee-joint) in rotating the leg inward." The hamstring mus-
cles extend from that part of the pelvic bone on which we
rest while sitting to the bones of the leg, the biceps being at-,
tached to the fibula, or outer bone, the other muscles to
the shin-bone, or tibia.

We now come to the muscles of the front, outer face, andj
back of the leg proper, that is, from the ankle to the knee.
Those in the first group are the TIBIALUS ANTICUS, the thick,
fleshy muscle on the outer side of the shin-bone and parallel with
it, whose function it is, besides aiding in balancing the body at
the ankle, to flex the latter and evert, or turn out, the foot ;
the EXTENSOR PROPRIUS POLLICIS, the EXTENSOR LONGUS
DIGITORUM, and its tendinous extension, the PERONEUS TER-
TIUS. The latter and the tibialis anticus are the direct flexors
of the instep ; they raise and extend the foot and perform the
function of walking. The other muscles act upon the toes,
and, with their consorts, aid in holding the bones of the leg
in the perpendicular position and give strength to the ankle-
joint. The muscles of the outer side of the leg are the PER-
ONEUS LONGUS and PERONEUS BREVIS, which serve to steady the
leg upon the foot and aid in maintaining the perpendicular
direction of the limb. They also act as the extensors of the
foot, thus antagonising the tibialus anticus and peroneus ter-
tius, which are flexors.

The muscles of the back of the leg are found in two layers,
those of the surface constituting the strong muscular mass

193

which forms the calf. The latter are called the GASTROCNE-
MIUS, the PLANTARIS, and the SOLEUS muscles. Their action
is chiefly to raise the body on the toes. With reference to the
calf -muscles, Dr. Gray remarks that " they possess considerable
power and are constantly called into use in standing, walking,
dancing, and leaping ; hence the large size they usually
present. In walking, these muscles draw powerfully upon
the os calcis (the heel-bone) raising the heel, and with it the
entire body from the ground ; the body being thus supported
on the raised foot, the opposite limb can be carried forward.
In standing, the Soleus, taking its fixed point from below,
steadies the leg upon the foot, and prevents the body from
falling forward, to which there is a constant tendency from
the superincumbent weight." The deeper- lying muscles of
the back leg are the POPLITEUS, the flat muscle that covers the
hollow space at the back of the knee-joint, and assists in flex-
ing the leg upon the thigh ; the TIBIALIS POSTICUS, the most
deeply-seated of the muscles of the leg ; the FLEXOR LONGUS
POLLICIS, and the FLEXOR LONGUS DIGITORUM, the former
situate alongside the outer and smaller bone of the leg, the
latter alongside the shin-bone. These two latter muscles are
the flexors of the toes, and, continuing their action, extend
the foot upon the leg ; they also assist in extending the foot
as in the act of walking, or in standing on tiptoe. The tib-
ialis posticus is a direct extensor of the instep upon the leg,
and, acting in concert with the tibialis anticus, it turns the
sole of the foot inward, antagonising the peroneus longus,
which turns it outward. Covering the lower part of these
muscles, and extending for about six inches upward from the
heel, is the TENDO ACHILLIS, the thickest and strongest of the
tendons in the body. The muscles of the ankles and feet need
not detain us, our topographical survey of the body, in so
far as the muscles benefited by exercise are concerned, having
taken us far enough. It is well perhaps to note, before leav-

194

ing this chapter, that the action of the muscles of which we
have been treating may be reversed, according to the part
fixed while the individual muscle is contracting.

195

PLATE VII.
MUSCLES OF THE EXTENDED LEG.

ANTERIOR, POSTERIOR AND LATERAL ASPECTS.

FIGURE, SKELETON, AND MUSCLES OF THE
ATHLETE

TO ILLUSTRATE THE DRAWINGS

FROM PROF. C. ROTH'S "ATLAS OF ARTISTIC ANATOMY."

(By permission of Messrs. H. Grevel & Co., London.)

PLATE I. FIGURE OF THE ATHLETE.
PLATE II. SKELETON OF THE ATHLETE.
MUSCLES. PLATE III. ANTERIOR ASPECT.

1. Annular ligament.

2. Flexor longus pollicis.

3. Flexor carpi radialis.

4. Palmaris longus muscle.

5. Pronator teres muscle.

6. Supinator longus muscle.

7. Biceps muscle.

8. Triceps muscle.

9. Coraco-brachialis muscle.

10. Teres major muscle.

11. Deltoid muscle.

12. Pectoralis major muscle.

13. Serratus magnus muscle.

14. Trapezius muscle.

15. Supinator longus muscle.

16. Brachialis anticus muscle.

17. External oblique muscle.

8. Gluteus medius.

19. Gluteus maximus.

20. Tensor vaginae femoris.

21. Rectus abdominis muscle.

22. Adductor longus.

23. Gracilis muscle.

24. Semi-membranosus muscle.

25. Rectus femoris muscle.

26. Vastus internus muscle.

27. Sartorius muscle.

28. Vastus externus muscle.

29. Gastrocnemius muscle.

30. Tibialis anticus muscle.

31. Soleus muscle.

32. Tendo Achillis.

33. Anterior annular ligament.

34. Fascia lata.

MUSCLES. PLATE IV. POSTERIOR ASPECT.

1. Extensor carpi ulnaris.

2. Flexor carpi ulnaris.

3. Anconeus muscle.

4. Biceps muscle.

5. Triceps muscle.

6. Tendon of Triceps.

7. Deltoid muscle.

8. Trapezius muscle.

9. Latissimus dorsi.

10. Serratus magnus muscle.

11. External oblique muscle.

12. Gluteus medius.

13. Gluteus maximus.

14. Tensor vaginae femoris.

15. Rectus femoris muscle.

16. Externus vastus muscle.

17. Gracilis muscle.

18. Semi-membranosus muscle.

19. Internus vastus muscle.

20. Sartorius muscle.

21. Gastrocnemius muscle.

22. Tendo Achillis.

23. Peroneus longus.

24. Tibialis anticus muscle.

25. Tibialis posticus.

197

MUSCLES OF THE ATHLETE, Continued.
A. ANTERIOR ASPECT OF EXTENDED LEG.

a. Gluteus medius muscle. h. Vastus externus.

b. Tensor vaginae femoris. i. Gastrocnemius.

c. Adductor longus.. /. Peroneus longus muscle.

d. Rectus femoris muscle. k. Tibialis anticus.

e. Gracilis muscle. I. Soleus muscle.

/. Sartorius muscle. m. Tibialis posticus muscle.

g. Vastus internus.

B. INTERNAL ASPECT.

a. Adductor longus muscle. g. Semi-tendinosus muscle.

6. Rectus femoris muscle. h. Semi-membranosus muscle.

c. Sartorius muscle. i. Tibialis anticus muscle.

d. Vastus internus muscle. j. Gastrocnemius.

e. Gracilis muscle. fc. Soleus muscle.

/. Adductor magnus muscle. I. Annular ligament.

C. POSTERIOR ASPECT.

a. Gluteus medius muscle. g. Biceps femoris muscle,

ft. Gluteus maximus muscle. h. Gracilis muscle.

c. Vastus externus. i. Gastrocnemius.

d. Vastus internus. j. Soleus muscle.

e. Semi-membranosus muscle. k. Flexor longus digitorum.
/. Semi-tendinosus muscle. , I. Tendo Achillis.

PLATE V. MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK, SHOULDER, EXTENDED ARMS, AND

FLEXED LEG.
PLATE VI. MUSCLES OF THE FLEXED ARM: ANTERIOR, POSTERIOR, AND

LATERAL ASPECTS.
PLATE VII. MUSCLES OF THE EXTENDED LEG : ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR

ASPECTS.

198

EXERCISES.

PREFATORY.

BEFORE proceeding to the movements proper, to be detailed
in the following exercises, the pupil-in-training would do well
to devote some little time at first to a number of free exer-
cises, with the dumb-bells, so as to give suppleness to the
limbs, enable the would-be athlete to acquire correct habits of
breathing, and accustom himself to easy and well-balanced
postures of the body, with due attention to erectness, yet with
freedom from rigidity and constraint. The first thing to do
is to assume, and practice facility in maintaining the proper
standing attitude of the recruit-in-training. This, the com-
mencing position, should be as follows : The heels in line and
closed, the knees held well back, and the toes turned out at
an angle of 60 degrees. The body full to the front, straight,
and inclined forward, so that its weight shall fall on the arch

199

of the instep, supported by the ball of the toes, and only
lightly on the heels. The arms should hang tensely from the
shoulders, hands firmly grasping the dumb-bells, second
joints of the fingers lightly touching the thighs. The hips a
little drawn back, the chest advanced, and the shoulders
square. The head erect, the chin slightly drawn in, and the
eyes looking straight to the front. Eegard to this, the proper
attitude of the military cadet at "attention," ought to be
rigidly enforced in commencing the exercises ; for correct
habits of bearing the body, when properly acquired, confirm
themselves without any exertion, and will add materially to
the health and strength of the young athlete.

The great matter to be here attained is, in the case of the
young, to quicken the muscular system to a due degree of
flexibility, and, in the case of the mature or old, to awaken
that which has become stiff or lain dormant, and to train it to
become pliant and yielding. We all know the pleasant feel-
ing which we experience when we stretch ourselves when
wearied, or when, having sat long in a constrained and un-
natural attitude, we have got up and, as we say, shaken or
pulled ourselves together, or gone off for a stiff walk. These
are Nature's efforts at relaxation, and they can be greatly
assisted, and ought to be, by some simple home-exercises,
such as those about to be indicated, to relieve and take out the
creases from the cramped form. The habit, if constantly
practised, of going through these elementary stretching move-
ments, will be found an invaluable one, and the results will be
a surprise to many, in the increased suppleness that will ensue
and the more perfect command that will be gained over the
muscles and the joints. Those who are zealous for the
general pursuit of physical culture cannot lay too much stress
on these simple and initial exercises, for tney are the first
principles in the art of giving mobility ana endurance to the
human frame. They should, therefore, in ail cases, precede

200

the more active exercises, for until you can unstiffen and
relax the joints and their connecting muscles and tissues, you
can only at the risk of injury proceed with the prescribed
)hysical training. To bring the matter more immediately
lome to the pupil, let him try at the outset to stoop, without

ending the spine, to lace his shoes, touch the floor with his

iger-tips, or, keeping his body as erect as he can, bring his
38 to his teeth. He will find, if he tries, that a child can

3at him at any of these tasks ; while, with practice, he will
soon be able to rival his infant exemplar ; though, of course,
he is not expected to become an acrobat or a contortionist.

r hen he has attained this pliancy and increased the contractile

)wer of his muscles, he will have gained much in the func-
tional activity of the body, as well as mastered a pleasurable

mtrol over his muscles and joints. Were anything further
leeded to be said on this topic, it would be this, that without
suppleness there is no grace, and the presentable man or

roman is not the person whose muscles are atrophied or in-
slastic, and whose joints are angular or creak.

A little time, as has been said, should be devoted to the free
movements, with the dumb-bells, and before entering upon
the exercises proper. This will accustom the hands to the grip

id weight of the bells. Like putting a rifle into the hand
}f a soldier at squad-drill, when he has learnt his facings and
bhe goose-step, it will steady the recruit and give resistance
ind the requisite tension to the muscles, particularly those of
bhe wrist and the forearm. The dumb-bells, it must here be

epeated, should, for beginners especially, be of light construc-
Dion, either of wood or of iron ; in the latter case, they may
>e covered with leather. For women and the youth of both

3xes, their weight should range from two to three pounds

ich ; for male adults, from three to five pounds each. The
length of time given daily to training must necessarily vary

ith the age, capacity, and physical conditk n of the pupil, as

201

well as with the amount of leisure he is at liberty to devote,
at any one period of the day, to the movements. If thirty
minutes cannot be given continuously to the exercises, perhaps
fifteen can be snatched twice a day ; but, at the outset, any
one exercise should not be prolonged beyond the point when
the muscles tire, though every exercise should be continued until
they ache, and the mind should be put into the work, that the
muscles may feel the strain and receive the full benefit of the
toning and building-up process.

This is a point that cannot be too much impressed upon the
pupil-in-training, as it is the basal fact upon which all success-
ful physical instruction rests. There must be a concentration
of the will-power upon the exercise in hand, and the dumb-
bell must be held and used, not passively, but as a potentiality
to be actively and strenuously exerted, that the muscles may
first be loosened and then alternately contracted and relaxed,
in the process which Nature has designed for their healthy
growth and development. With flabby muscles there can
hardly ever be vigorous frames or sound health. Nor need
the possession of either be a matter of serious or difficult
attainment. Much might be gained by an exercise of an hour
or two a week in the intelligent use of a pair of light dumb-
bells. Even out of a daily "constitutional" we might get
more benefit did we impart energy to our movements, and put
the muscles of progression to strain, in a sharp and exhila-
rating walk, bearing in mind that the test of having put the
muscles to use is to have tired them.

In giving class-instruction with the dumb-bells, a strict in-
structor will not allow any lounging about during the lessons.
If the lessons are too protracted for the strength of some of
the pupils, the latter should be encouraged to continue them
as long as possible, but not to overtax their endurance or cause
them to lose zest in their work. The exercises should always
be returned to with pleasure, and taken up systematically and

202

with eager ardour. Intervals for rest should be frequent, but
when they occur, the pupil should be directed "to stand
at ease" only, and not to fall out of the ranks, or throw
down the dumb-bells heedlessly and without leave. It is
hardly necessary to say that no one should be allowed to eat
or take refreshments of any kind while the exercises are going
on. If the mouth is dry, it may be moistened with a lozenge
or confection. Nor should the instructor permit talking
among the pupils during the lesson. If directed to perform a
movement a certain number of times, they should count under
their breath, always breathing freely, but naturally, by the
use of the diaphragmatic muscle, which best raises the ribs,
expands the chest, and gives freest play to the lungs. Even
when putting the muscles to strain during a stiff exercise, the
lips should be pressed together as little as possible, the air
being inhaled through the nostrils, for the most part, though,
in the case of active exercise, respiration may be permitted by
the mouth.

In performing the exercises, the pupil, if in the privacy of
his own room, will find it less impeding and more comforta-
ble to strip to the waist, or, if in class, to wear a light gymna-
sium suit, and to spend his strength freely till the muscles tire
and the perspiration comes. If possible, let nothing interfere
with the time daily devoted to exercise. If this is persisted
in, it will soon become a habit, and the pupil will find that if,
perchance, he should miss a day's exercise, he will miss it as
he misses his bath, and will not feel up to his usual work.
The bath, which should be made ready beforehand, should
always be taken after exercise, and if the heart is all right and
the breathing regular, it may be taken even when heated,
though it will be well to let a short interval elapse, so long,
meanwhile, as he does not get chilled. The bath should always
be cold, the head and breast being first laved with the hand in
the water, and then, if it be winter, in for fifteen or twenty

203

seconds and out, or for longer, if it be summer. Keep up a
brisk action while in the bath, and when it has been taken,
pat rather than rub the body dry.

The preliminary exercises with the dumb-bells may now be
entered upon. Those of immediate benefit are the movements
tending to give free play to the muscles and joints which, in
the later exercises, will bo drawn more heavily into service ;
to relaxing and rendering them supple ; and to afford oppor-
tunity for acquiring proper methods of breathing under ex-
ercise ; care being taken to maintain, as far as possible, the
erect position and an easy but well-governed control of the
body. In breathing, this general rule may be observed, viz. :
to inhale the air as the arms are raised or drawn back for
action, and to exhale it as they descend or are brought forward
t3 the position of " attention." In squatting or in movements
where the body is lowered, the breath should be taken in the
downward and expelled in the upward action. In all muscu-
lar movements, the action of the lungs in breathing should
be kept as free and unimpeded as possible that no strain be
felt upon the air passages. All movements should be made
evenly and without jerkiness, but with muscles tense and
the mind set upon the exercise. Even in the case of the
snatching -lifts with heavy weights, the same caution is to be
observed, the mind retaining its balance and steady equilib-
rium as well as the body. In exercising, see that there is an
abundance of pure and fresh air, and that the body is un-
hindered by tight clothing.
The initial exercises with the bells include :
A. The flexing, or bending, the hand inwards and outwards
upon the wrist, and rotating or turning it round, long enough
till the muscles ache. These movements will give free play
and increased strength to the muscles of the forearm and
wrist, add power to the hand, and firmness to the grasp. They
should be performed left and right hand alternately, the eyes

204

critically scanning the motions, and the will-power imparting
the energy ; then both hands should be exercised simul-
taneously. Prolonged exercise in this and other movements
with the left hand will counteract the tendency to right-
handedness and insure a symmetrical development of the
body. The fingers can individually be strengthened by lifting
the dumb-bells successively with each finger.

B. Keeping the shoulders perfectly square, the body erect,
the arms pendant and close to the sides, the hands firmly
grasping the dumb-bells, fingers touching the thighs, move
the head slowly backwards and forwards, from side to side,
then roll it round to the right and left, as far as possible.
With eyes to the front, now raise and depress the shoulder-
blades and arms, as in shrugging the shoulders ; after which,
elevate the arms at full length and in line with the body, and
rotate them in both directions until the muscles are tired.
These several movements will have a beneficial effect on the
respiratory organs and give strength and mobility to the
shoulder-joints, as well as to the muscles of the chest and
neck.

C. Kesuming the attitude of attention, the dumb-bells still
in hand, rotate or twist the body on its hip-axis alternately to
the left and to the right, keeping the back and the legs
straight during the movement ; then sway the trunk on the
hips from side to side, bending sideways as far as may be
comfortable ;. after which, bend the body backwards and for-
wards, taking care to keep the legs straight, the chest pressed
out, and the head undrooped. These movements will assist
the circulation of the blood, as they alternately stretch and
shorten the veins, stimulate the organs of the chest and
abdomen, strengthen the muscles of the trunk, and give
pliancy to the chief hinge of the body, the hip-joint.

D. Toe and heel raising in succession may now be exercised,
in which the weight of the body is alternately thrown on the

205

toes and the heels, the body being kept upright, and accom-
modating itself so far as to maintain the balance. This move-
ment will loosen the ankle-joints, give strength to the muscles
of the calf, and accustom the body to preserve the equilibrium.
Keeping the body straight and the head erect, knee-bending
and stretching may now be exercised, the movement being
extended to the squatting position, in which the body is
allowed to drop till the buttocks are in contact with the heels
(the latter being raised from the ground, the weight of the
body resting wholly on the toes), with an alternate quick re-
cover to the attitude of attention. This latter movement
brings into play the quadriceps extensor muscle, which extends
the leg upon the thigh ; the former movement giving exercise
to the muscles chiefly brought into use in the act of walking
and the other motions of progression.

Some of these free movements, the pupil-athlete will find,
are taken up more systematically in the exercises proper : they
are here suggested as a sort of "preliminary canter" or
warming-up, before entering on the more serious training-
drill which follows. All of them, of course, can be practised
without the dumb-bells, and may be so recommended as an ini-
tial practice for women and children, or for young men of
weak constitution and indifferent health, to be afterwards fol-
lowed, when the frame has been built up, by a course of the
exercises proper with the dumb-bells.

Before entering upon a systematic course of physical train-
ing, the pupil should, to mark the gain in his development,
sst down the date at which he commenced to practise, and
take his height, weight, and the measurements of his chest
(normal, relaxed, and expanded), neck, shoulders, forearm,
upper arm, waist, thigh, and calf ; and, at stated intervals
afterwards, register the increase he has gained, as the result
of exercise, and as an encouragement to progress. The height
taken should be that without shoes, and the weight that

206

stripped, or in one's usual exercising attire. Of course, the
measurements subsequently taken should be that in the attire,
whatever it may be, when first measured, and, as far as
possible, they should be taken at the same period of the day
and after the same amount of muscular exercise. The meas-
urements of the chest and upper and lower limbs should be skin
measurements ; the chest girth being that well up under the
arms, which should be horizontally extended, the line passing
over the nipples. The forearm measurement should be that
round the thickest part of the extended arm, hands clenched ;
that of the upper arm over the ridge of the biceps when the fore-
arm is flexed at the elbow. The thigh and calf measurements
should be those round the thickest part, when the heels are
raised from the ground and the toes are pressed firmly against
it, knees well-braced back.

In the following exercises each number is intended to
develop its special muscle, or group of muscles ; they should
therefore be taken up progressively in the order in which they
appear. Those who can handle heavier weights than the five
pound dumb-bells are recommended to take the simpler exer-
cises with the latter weights first, until they see a visible
improvement in their muscles and have trained them to
pass to the heavier weights with ease and safety. All the
simpler exercises should be performed with slightly bent knees,
that the muscles of the thigh may share in the benefits to be
derived from the movements.

207

LIGHT-WEIGHT EXERCISES.
EXERCISE 1.

TAKE a dumb-bell in each hand, and come to the position of
attention, as described in the opening sentences in the intro-
duction to these exercises. Now, bend the knees slightly, and
turn the inner side of the arms full to the front. In all exer-
cises with the light-weight dumb-bells, the knees must be
bent, that the muscles of the leg may feel the strain of the
movements of the upper limbs. Tighten the grip of the hands
on the dumb-bells, and make tense the muscles of the arms ;
then alternately flex or bend each arm at the elbow inwards
and upwards, till the dumb-bell is in line with the shoulder,
back of the hand to the front, shoulders and elbows well
drawn down, and the upper arms close to the sides. In
lowering the dumb-bells, straighten the arm to its full length,
and repeat the alternate movements till the muscles ache.

208

This exercise will develop chiefly the flexor biceps muscle, and
the triceps extensor muscle, of the upper arm.

EXERCISE 2.

This exercise is the same movement as that in No. 1, except
that in the position of attention the backs of the hands and
the forearms are to the front, and, when the latter are flex<-d
upwards on the elbows, the knuckles of the hands are close to
the shoulders. The alternate motion of bending and extend-
ing the arm at the elbow is to be performed rhythmically but
vigorously, until the flexor and extensor muscles are made
pliant and firm. The action will have a stimulating effect on
the respiratory organs and the circulation of the blood.

EXERCISE 3.

Come to the position of attention, knees bent as before, and
raise both arms outwards, at full length, in a line with the
shoulders. Now, turn the inner side of the forearms upwards,
and alternately flex each inwards toward the head, until the
dumb-bell is immediately over the shoulder. In practising
this movement, maintain the arms rigidly in alignment with
the shoulders ; in other words, do not let them droop ; and,
in the straightening- out movement, extend the arms fully,
and put the muscles to the strain. The chief muscle that
comes into exercise here, besides the biceps and triceps of the
arm, is the deltoid, the great muscle that caps the shoulder.
The effect of these alternate arm-flexings is perhaps more
beneficial than when both arms are flexed at the same time.
Its chief advantage is that it gives one arm a momentary
alternate rest, and does not overstrain the heart by unduly
forcing the circulation of the blood.

209

EXERCISE 4.

This exercise is the same as the last, the flexing movement
of the forearms, however, being concurrent or simultaneous.,
and not alternate. See photo. No. 4, and the caution to be ob-
served, indicated in the closing sentence of the preceding exer-
cise. In the alternate straightening or opening-out move-
ment, care should be taken to extend the arm fully, so that
the extensor muscles may have fair play in counteracting the
motion of the pulliiig-up or flexing muscles.

The exercise may be varied with advantage by curving the
back slightly and bending the head downwards ; at the same
time bringing the flexed forearms inwards, underneath the
upper arms and shoulders, and in this attitude ply the dumb-
bells outwards from the armpits to the full extension of each
arm. The exercise will be found beneficial for the biceps,
triceps, and deltoid. It will also stimulate the breathing and
quicken the blood-currents, to many perhaps the chief need
as well as the great advantage of active muscular exercise.
In the regular alternation of movements, such as are here
and elsewhere in the series indicated, the young pupil should
try to observe cadence, for a rhythmic movement tends to the
automatic performance of the exercises, and so lessens the
sense of fatigue, by relieving the brain of care in directing
the muscle-action. The habit, however, of thorough work
must be first formed, and the mind fixed on this, before allow-
ing the movements to become automatic.

EXERCISE 5.

From the attitude of attention, simultaneously raise both
anus forwards and full to the front, curving them upwards
until the hands and dumb-bells meet together in a line with
the mouth, elbows straight, head well back. The dumb-bells
in this exercise should be held perpendicularly, not horizon-
tally. From the position attained, simultaneously throw

210

Sarony Photo.

SANDOW. LIGHT-WEIGHT DUMB-BELL EXERCISES : FIGS, i TO 4.

both arms smartly back, well to the rear, and in a line
with the shoulders, chest well out. Return them quickly
to the front again, and repeat the opening-out movement as
often and as vigorously as you can. This exercise is designed
to open out the chest, and to loosen and give mobility to the
pectoral muscles of the chest, and those in the region of the
shoulders. It will be found to have a blood-relieving effect
on the organs of the chest and head. Two photographs, Nos.
5 a and 6, illustrate the exercise.

EXERCISE 6.

From the position of attention, flex both forearms upwards
from the elbow, palms inwards, as shown in the left arm of
photograph No. 6. Now, alternately raise each arm in a verti-
cal line with the body, taking care to extend the arm over the
head to its full length. The return movement should bring
the elbow back close to the side and well to the rear. The
head and trunk should be kept straight, the chest pressed
forwards, and the arms kept well back, during this movement.
The muscles brought into play in this exercise, in addition to
the biceps, triceps, and deltoid, are those of the back and sides,
chiefly the trapesius, latissimus dorsi, and teres major. Their
action tends to open the chest and increase its mobility.

EXERCISE 7.

Take the position of attention ; the hands and dumb-bells
resting lightly on the front of the thighs, knuckles outwards,
knees bent, chest drawn inwards and downwards, back
slightly curved. Raise the arms alternately, stretched to
their full extent, forwards and upwards, till they are in a
line with the top of the head, lowering the one arm as the
other is raised. Maintain this exercise as long and as briskly
as possible, taking care to leave the lungs and breathing

211

action absolutely free and unimpeded. The movement tends
to increase the mobility of the shoulder-joints, and especially
to strengthen the anterior deltoid, the' serratus magnus,
latissimus dorsi and pectoral muscles.

EXERCISE 8.

This exercise will he found useful for loosening and making
flexible the muscles of the wrist. From the position of
attention, elevate both arms outwards until they are at right
angles with the body, keeping them rigid and the muscles
tense. Then, turn each hand and dumb-bell simultaneously
round as far as possible on the axis of the wrist, maintaining
the movement till pliancy is imparted and the muscles are
tired. The exercise may be supplemented by bending the
hand backwards and forwards on the wrist. See that the
arms do not droop from the shoulder alignment, and that they
are not allowed to turn on the elbow-joint : the movement is
wholly executed by the wrists.

EXERCISE 9.

Take up the dumb-bells by the sphere or bulb ends, grasping
the bosses firmly in the hollow of the hands. Now, simul-
taneously raise the arms outwards, in a line with the body,
till they reach the level of the shoulders. In this position,
rotate the right-hand dumb-bell from left to right, and the
left-hand dumb-bell from right to left, by a circular motion
of the wrist. Keep up the exercise till the muscles tire. The
rotary movement is executed wholly by the wrist, and will be
found to act beneficially on the numerous muscles of the fore-
arm, and tend to give them mobility.

212

Morrison Photo.

SAN DOW. LIGHT-WEIGHT DUMB-BELL EXERCISES; CHEST-EXPANDING EXERCISE.

Sarony Photo.

SAXDOVV. LIGHT-WEIGHT DI'MB-BKI.L KXKRCISES : FIGS. 511, 6, 7 AND 8.

EXERCISE 10.

This is the same movement reversed ; that is to say, the
rotary movement of the right hand should be from right to
left, and of the left hand from left to right. The continued
exercise of this movement will give flexibility to the muscles
of the forearm, and impart to them strength and endurance.

EXERCISE 11.

Place the dumb-bells on the floor, where they should lie
lengthwise along the outer side of each foot, the centre of the
bar on a line with the toes. Seize them and rise to the posi-
tion of attention, the head and body erect, the knees unbent.
Turn half round on the heels to the left, the toes being at an
angle of 60 degrees ; the body, which should turn on the hips,
ought, as much as possible, to keep the front position. At
the same time, bring the left forearm upwards to the waist,
at right angles with the body ; take a good step forward with
the right foot, and lunge out forcibly with the left arm in the
same direction, as if striking a hard blow, and recover quickly.
Bring back the advanced leg with the alternate recover.
Repeat the movement until the muscles are well exercised,
the right arm. remaining tense by the side. In the return
movement, bring the elbow well back, and press the chest
\vell forward. The muscles brought into play in this exercise
are the anterior deltoid, the biceps, the triceps, the serratus
magnus, and the pectoralis major. When the body is turned
( >i> the hip, the lunging movement is beneficial to the abdom-
inal muscles and assists circulation in that region.

EXERCISE 12.

This is the same movement reversed ; bringing into play

218

the right arm and left foot instead of the left arm and right
foot. The half-turn will consequently be to the right, and the
left foot be advanced, to maintain the balance of the body.
In these movements circulation and respiration are materially
benefited. The breath should be inhaled as the arms are
drawn back, and exhaled when thrust forward. This and the
previous exercise, it will be noted, vary from those which
precede them, in this respect, that the pulling-up muscles
have hitherto been exercised, while the stretching-out ones
come now into play.

EXERCISE 13.

This exercise is practiced without the dumb-bells. From
the position of attention, the pupil will throw himself forward
towards the floor, supporting the body, in a rigid position, on
the unbent arms and the toes ; then, alternately lower the
body, by slowly bending the elbows, until it reaches the prone
position, and raise it, by straightening the arms, repeating
the movement as many times as possible. Care should be
taken that the body and lower limbs are kept rigidly straight
and do not touch the floor, that the head is kept well
up and the knees unbent. The exercise, will be found ex-
cellent for strengthening all the muscles of the body, and
for expanding the chest. As the strain, in the dipping and
raising of the body, is severe, the movement should be in-
dulged in mildly, until the biceps and triceps are pretty well
hardened. When facility in the movement has been gained.
the effort should be made to stretch the body, in the prone
position, horizontally forwards as far as possible (nose more
in front), at each performance, that the full benefit of the
exercise may be obtained.

EXERCISE 14.

This exercise is the same as No. 13, only rendered more

214

Sarony Photo.

SANDOW. LIGHT-WEIGHT DUMB-BELL EXERCISES: FIGS. 9, IIA, IIB AND 12.

difficult by the tension of the rubber straps which encirclo the
neck, and, by the resisting power, increase the development of
the arms in the effort to raise the body from the prone posi-
tion. The exercise will be more fully explained, with a
description of the machine, to which the rubber straps are
adjusted, in a later page. See front and profile views in
photographs Nos.14 a and 6.

EXERCISE 15.

This exercise is designed to bring into play the rectus
abdominis and other muscles of the abdomen, and has an
important effect on the digestion. It should at first be per-
formed without the dumb-bells, then with dumb-bells of in-
creasing weight. Lie flat on the back on the floor, couch or
bench, covered by a rug, at full length, the arms close by the
sides, the feet pushed under the bureau, weighted or strapped
to the floor, to give purchase to the body ; then alternately
raise the body on the hip- joints, from the prone to the sitting
position, and slowly lower it again to the horizontal position,
repeating the movements until the abdominal muscles feel
the tiring effect of the exercise. After a time, when the pupil
has accustomed himself to the strain of the movement, he may
render it more difficult by taking a dumb-bell in each hand,
and, when in the prone position, raising the arms and stretch-
ing them back over the head, and then going through with
the trunk-raising and lowering movements, as above described.
The exercise may also be performed without weighting or
strapping the feet. A deep breath should be taken before
raising the body, and exhaled in lowering it. In raising the
body to the sitting position, it should also be bent forwards as
far as possible towards the feet. With the dumb-bells in the
hands, it will be found advantageous also to cross the wrists
over the head, and so bring the body upwards and forwards,

the head locked, as it were, in the upward-extended arms and
moved in unison with them. For persons of full habit and
having a tendency to be fat, the exercise will be found very
beneficial, the increased blood-circulation absorbing the fatty
deposits, and the exercise itself being unfavourable to fatty
formation.

EXERCISE 16.

This is a squatting exercise designed to develop the quadri-
ceps extensor, or great extensor muscle of the thigh. (See
page 192.) Take a dumb-bell in each hand, and come to the
position of attention, the body straight, the head erect, the
chest thrust out, and the shoulders and hips held well back.
By bending the knees, dip the body in a vertical line to the
heels, keeping the back straight and the chin drawn in. Re-
cover and repeat the movement until the muscles ache. This
is a good exercise in poising the body and in giving suppleness
to the knee-joints. If the muscles of the leg and thigh have
been well toned, their natural elasticity will render the move-
ment easy. Take care not to let the body sway or incline for-
wards or backwards on the hips. After a pause, the exer-
cise may be varied by raising the heels and throwing the
weight of the body entirely on the toes, keeping rigidly the
position of attention, and rising as high as possible in each
motion without losing the balance. Continue the movement
for some time, as it will be found of much benefit to the
muscles of the calf ; it will also give elasticity to those of the
foot and ankle.

EXERCISE 17.

This exercise may be practised either with or without dumb-
talls. From the position of attention, slowly bend the trunk
cutwards on the hip-joint, alternately to the left and right,

216

-

Sarony Photo.

SANDOW. CHEST-EXPANDING EXERCISES: FIGS. ISA AND 138.

Morrison Photo.

SANDOW. CHEST-EXPANDING EXERCISES WITH MACHINE: FIGS. i4A AND 148.

the hand or dumb-bell slightly pressing the outer side of the
thigh, and slipping down until it reaches the bend of the knee.
When one hand touches the side of the knee the other hand
should be raised under the arm just above the serratus mag-
nus muscle. The exercise will be good for the balancing mus-
cles of the trunk as well as for the obliquus abdominis and other
muscles that support and protect the sides of the abdomen.
It will also give flexibility to the back-bone, and increase the
blood circulation, chiefly along the feeding veins of the stomach
and the liver.

NOTE. It has been thought well to append here, by icay of suggestion, the fol-
lowing table giving the number of times the movements in each of the foregoing
exercises are to be practised daily, and the ratio of increase on each occasion after-
wards, as the pupil may feel himself able to bear the strain of the more heavily-
imposed task. Women and children should try to do one-fifth, or one-fourth, the
number of movements indicated for men.

Ex. No. 1. 50 times, each hand.

2. 25

3. 10 "

4. 10 "

5. 5 "

6. 15 "

7. 10 "

8. till arm drops

9. " "

10. " " "

11. 10 times.

12. 10 "

13. 3 "

14. 2 "

15. 3 "

16. 10 "

17. 15 "

Increase every day,

Increase eve y third day, 1.
other " 1.

Increase every second day 1.

217

HEAVY-WEIGHT EXERCISES.
INTRODUCTION.

THE exercises in Heavy- Weight Lifts, it must here be said,
chiefly by way of caution, are designed for those only who
desire, and have the necessary strength, to become athletes.
For ordinary health purposes, and for reducing corpulency or
checking the tendency to become fat, the light-weight exercises
which precede those now about to be detailed, will be found
sufficient, especially in the case of those who have not robust
frames, or whose daily life limits them to confining pursuits.
Heavy-weight lifts, of course, should not be attempted by
those who suffer from spinal complaint or have weak hearts,
though both ailments are hygienically benefited by a course of
exercise with the light-weight dumb-bells. To those who feel
strong enough for the task, however, and who, by the loosen-
ing and hardening of the muscles gained in the previous

218

.

Morrison Photo.

SANDOW. EXERCISES FOR THE MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMEN: FIGS. ISA, 158 AND is

exercises, have acquired facility in handling weights, the
following movements may be indulged in, though with dumb-
bells ranging, it is suggested, at first, from 12 to 56 Ibs., and,
afterwards, beyond those, to weights always within the
strength-compass and adroitness of the athlete. He will soon
learn, not only what weights are within his ability safely to
lift, but how to balance the body in the line of gravity, that
the weight may be poised with the support of the whole frame,
rather than with the muscles of the arm alone. It is recom-
mended that the pupil, before proceeding to the heavy weights,
should spend at least three months in performing the prelim-
inary light-weight exercises.

EXERCISE ILLUSTRATED BY PHOTOGRAPHS 18. AND 19.
HOW TO LIFT BY ONE HAND FROM THE GROUND TO THE SHOULDER.

Place the dumb-bell longitudinally between the feet, sphere-
ends to the front and rear, the connecting bar of the bell
which should be 4i inches in length in line with the hollow of
the foot, the heels ten inches apart, and the toes turned out at
a comfortable angle. (See photo. No. 18.) In lowering the
body to grasp the dumb-bell, bend the knees, but keep the
back straight. Grasp the dumb-bell with the right hand, the
arm straight, the left hand resting on the forepart of the left
thigh. Without pausing, pull the dumb-bell straight up to
the chest, using the left thigh as a fulcrum ; at the same time,
flex the forearm at the elbow, and straighten the knees. The
instant this is done, dip the knees smartly, and, by a simul-
taneous motion, turn the bell upwards by getting the right
forearm underneath it, the elbow resting on the hip-joint, the
left hand at ease on the left hip, (See photo. No. 19.) This
exercise will be found beneficial to the biceps of the arm, and
to the lower limbs, the latter contributing two-thirds of the re-

219

quisite energy. The movement may also he performed in the
same manner with the left hand, the right hand giving the
purchase on the right thigh.

To elevate the dumb-bell from the shoulder over the head,
the movement may be performed either by the jerk or by the
slow-press motion : the latter mode will be described in the
next exercise. To elevate by the jerk, dip the knees smartly,
and throw the arm upwards to its full extension, bringing
the bell over the head, in the centre of the body's gravity. In.
these one-hand exercises, especially, the eyes should follow the
movements of the hand-encircled dumb-bell. The two move-
ments described in this exercise may be made continuous,
though performed in two time-beats ; one, from the ground to
the shoulder, tivo, from thence to the full extension of the arm
over the head. The muscles benefited by raising the bell aloft
are the chief muscles of the whole body those of the shoulder,
arm, back, chest, and legs.

EXERCISE ILLUSTRATED BY PHOTOGRAPHS 20 TO -i-k

ONE-HANDED SLOW-PRESS FROM THE SHOULDER.

The pupil-athlete will observe that the photos. Nos. 20, 21,
22, 23, and 2-i form one group, illustrating the slow-press
movement successively from the shoulder to the full exten-
sion of the arm over the head, photo. No. 22 being the rear
view of the attitude illustrated by photo. No. 21. In the
successive movements, the eyes, as we have previously said,
should follow closely the hand-encircled dumb-bell, that the
body may poise itself in concert with the slow raising of the
right arm, and so maintain the proper equilibrium. The
weight of the bell must depend upon the skill and capacity of
the pupil to raise it ; he should try to raise as much as he

220

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comfortably can, and increase the weight slightly as he gains
in strength and dexterity. The dumb-bell is lifted from the
ground to the shoulder as in the previous exercise, the forearm
when flexed being held a little more out from the body. To
raise the weight from the shoulder by the .right hand, the
body should be inclined over to the left, the left arm pressing
against the upper-left thigh. As the arm is pressed upwards,
the body should curl downwards and to the right, until it gets
underneath the weight, the upper arm receiving partial sup-
port from the latissimus dorsi muscle and arm-pit. By a
strenuous effort, continue the up-pressing motion, which will
be materially assisted as the body is straightened, aided by
the pressure of the left hand upon the left thigh. The
action of the disengaged arm and hand should be care-
fully noted by the pupil-athlete. To make the matter clear, it
may be observed, that much assistance in the slow-pressing
aloft of heavy weights is rendered by the arm and hand not
actively engaged in raising the weight. When the dumb-bell
has been raised half-way up, in the righth and, the left fore-
arm, which has been resting on the upper thigh, must now be
instantly replaced by the left hand, the latter continuing the
pressure on the thigh, helpful in straightening the body and
aiding the right arm to elevate the weight. When curling
the body under the dumb-bell, keep the forearm which presses
it aloft always perpendicular by deflecting it outwards, so as
to maintain the true vertical position. The feet, as a rule,
should never change place in these slow-press exercises from
the shoulder.

The above slow press exercise from the shoulder may be per-
formed with the left hand, though, of necessity, with lighter
weights, to prevent injury to the heart, which, in all these
left-handed movements, should not be put to an undue
strain. This is Nature's own caution, though we may not
violate her laws by encouraging ambidexterity, and utilia-

221

ing, more than we do, the left hand. In these, and suchlike
exercises, the pupil will find that he can press aloft a heavier
weight than he can jerk up, and can, correspondingly, raise
more by the jerk from the shoulder than by the snatch- lift
from the ground aloft to the full extension of the arm. The
gross weight raised by the jerk, is governed, in a measure, by
the weight of the body, which must act as a counterpoise to
the weight of the bell, otherwise the body will fall over ;
while the gross weight raised by the snatch-lift is, in part,
governed by the power of the hand to grasp the weight.
Sandow's highest record in snatch-lifting, from the ground
over the head, is 186 Ibs. ; his weight-record in jerking up-
wards from the shoulder, is 212 Ibs. ; in slow-pressing aloft
from the shoulder, his record is, for the left hand, 300 Ibs.,
and for the right hand, 322 Ibs. In the above exercise the
muscles benefited, besides those of the arm and shoulder, are
the muscles of the back, loins, and lower limbs.

EXERCISE ILLUSTRATED BY PHOTOGRAPHS 25 AND 27.
ONE-HAND SWING-LIFT FROM THE GROUND OVER THE HEAD.

The first position in this exercise varies from the usual atti-
tude of attention. It is that shown in photo. No. 25, the
pupil standing over the bell, head bent and eyes looking down,
the right hand about to grasp the dumb-bell, the left ready to
place on the corresponding thigh for support. The dumb-bell,
it will be seen, is placed on the floor between the feet and well
to the rear the fore-lying sphere being in line with the heels,
which should be further apart than in the previous exercises.
The object of placing the dumb-bell behind the feet is that
the necessary swing may be given it in the curved forward
and upward movement, as the hand seizes it and elevates

222

Sarony Photo.

SANDOW. HEAVY-WEIGHT EXERCISES. FIGS. 21, 22, 23 AND 24.

it aloft, the left hand resting meanwhile on the thigh, which
acts as a fulcrum. The bar of the dumb-bell, in these swing-
lifts, must be grasped close to the fore-lying sphere until
the weight is swung well up, when, by a slight jerk up-
wards, the centre of the bar and the proper poise are gained.
The advantage of this is obvious, as the upper sphere of the
dumb-bell will be supported in the lifting movement by the
grip of the closed thumb and fingers, while the lower sphere,
swinging free, will, by its own weight, receive greater impetus
in the ascent. The pupil will now put the movement into
practice, taking care to keep the back as straight as possible,
bending the body freely on the hips, and, as the bell curves
upwards, incline the body backwards, and move the right foot a
little further to the rear, to preserve the balance. The elevat-
ing of the dumb-bell aloft, it will be understood, is a con-
tinuous movement, the right arm getting under it when it has
been swung up from the floor, by a quick dip of the knees,
and the instantaneous straightening of the arm and left leg,
the left arm bracing the body by the support given the hand
on the left hip. The exercise will be good for strengthening
the spine, and the muscles of the chest, arms, and lower
limbs.

EXERCISE 28.

SLOW LIFT FROM THE GROUND TO THE SHOULDER.

This is a slow lift from the ground to the shoulder, designed
chiefly to develop the biceps and forearm. Photo. No. 28 will
illustrate the first position, the dumb-bell being placed trans-
versely between the feet, the right hand grasping the bar, the
inner side of the forearm and the clasped fingers to the front,
the left hand braced on the left fore-thigh. From this position,
pull the bell steadily up as high as the knees and slowly curl

it forwards and inwards to the shoukler, by flexing the forearm
on the elbow and bending the wrist inwards as much as
possible, the hip-joint acting as a fulcrum. Repeat the move-
ment several times, alternately with the right and left hands,
and let the weight drop slowly down to the floor.

EXERCISE 20.
SAVING RING-AND-BALL LIFT FROM THE GROUND OVER HEAD.

This is an effective as well as graceful exercise, calling into
play the chief muscles of the trunk and limbs, and imparting
litheness and elasticity to the movements. The bell is placed
on the floor a little in front of the feet, ring to the right, heels
in line, and about ten inches apart. Bending the body on
the hips, now stoop and grasp the ring by the right hand,
knuckles to the right, then pull the ball up sufficiently
to clear the floor and swing it inwards between the legs, then,
as it swings outwards again, bear it aloft, taking a step for-
wards at the same time with the right foot to give purchase
to the movement and balance to the body. As the ball gains
the elevation of the head in the ring-grasped hand of the out-
stretched arm, tilt it to the back of the hand, by an adroit
turn of the wrist, at the same time thrusting the arm fully
out, as in the act of lunging upwards, the body being thrown
forwards to assist, by its weight, in pressing the ball up, and
especially to ease or break the force of the contact of the ball
on the forearm, as it is tilted to the back of the hand in the
upward ascent. Repeat the movement, which will be found
an exhilarating exercise, observing the caution not to injure
or break the forearm by permitting the ball to come rudely
into contact with it as it is swung aloft. Photo No. 29 illus-
trates this exercise.

224

J

Moirison Photo.

SANDOW. HEAVY-WEIGHT EXERCISES.

FlG. 28. SLOW LIFT FROM GROUND TO SHOULDER.

FIG. 29. SNATCH RING AND BALL LIFT FROM GROUND OVERHEAD.

FIGS. 30 AND 31. TWO-HANDED LIFT FROM GROUND TO SHOULDER.

EXERCISE ILLUSTRATED BY PHOTOS Nos. 30 AND 31.

TWO-HANDED LIFT FROM THE GROUND TO THE SHOULDER.

The photos No. 30 and 31 will illustrate the successive
attitudes in the performance of this exercise. Place the dumb-
bells close to the outer side of each foot, the body, in an erect
position, standing over them, the heels closed, the toes turned
out at a comfortable angle, the head bent and the eyes di-
rected downwards, the arms pendant, but held out a little from
the body ready to grasp the bells. Keeping the back straight,
by bending the body on the hip- joint and the legs at the knees,
stoop down and grasp the dumb-bells close to the front bosses,
as in photo. No. 31. Now, with a quick movement, pull the
bells straight up to the sides of the chest, in line with the
arm-pits, elbows bent outwards, the movement being aided by
a hard pressure with both legs ; then step smartly to the rear
with tlie right foot, and, slightly bending both knees, turn the
balls upward with a sudden jerk, and get the forearms under-
neath them, the elbows resting on the hip- joints. The whole
movement is a quick one, the legs bearing the chief strain. To
elevate the bells from the shoulder, the movement can be prac-
tised either with the jerk or with the slow-press motion. The
jerk movement is much the same as in elevating by one hand :
practically it is easier, as the two weights maintain the body
in equipoise. To elevate by the slow-press, the weight of the
body must be thrown on the rear leg, which may be drawn
further back to give increased purchase, as the dumb-bells
rise, and to preserve the balance of the body. When half-way
up, slow-press the weights firmly and bring the upper part of
the body under the dumb-bells : this will make the weights
easier to press, and be a good strengthening exercise for the
spine.

225

EXERCISE ILLUSTRATED BY PHOTOS. Nos. 33 AND 34.

HOLDING OUT AT ARM'S LENGTH WITH BOTH HANDS.

This is a holding-out exercise, to give strength and endurance
to the arms and back, and to develop the muscles of the chest
and shoulders. The front and rear views of photos. Nos. 33 and
34, illustrate the exercise. The dumb-bells are elevated over
the head, to the full extension of the arms, as in the previous
exercise. Now let them fall slowly down and outwards, till
the upper arm is in alignment with the shoulders, twisting the
forearm partially to the rear and bending the shoulders "back-
wards to give increased support in bearing the weights. Let
the dumb-bells be as heavy as the pupil can safely use, increas-
ing the weight as strength and facility are gained. The
exercise can be varied by bringing the bells from the elevated
position slowly down and out in front of the body, knuckles
upwards, and in a line with the mouth. Maintain the position
as long as possible and replace the bells on the floor. The lat-
ter exercise will be good for the deltoid, trapesius, and latissi-
mus dorsi muscles that is, for the shoulder-muscles and those
of the upper chest and back.

226

Sarony Photo.

SANDOW. HEAVY-WEIGHT EXERCISES: FIGS. 33 AND 34, HOLDING AT ARMS'
LENGTH; FRONT AND HACK VIEWS.

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BAR-BELL EXERCISES.

ONE-HANDED LIFT FROM THE GROUND TO THE SHOULDER.

Illustrated by Photos. Nos. 35 and 36.

IN these one-handed lifts the centre of the bar should, by
some device, be indicated, to mark readily the place to be
grasped, so that a perfect balance may be obtained. This is
the more important, as no time should be lost in the tiring
stooping attitude preparatory to grasping and elevating the
bell. In stooping, keep the back as straight as possible, by
bending the body on the hip-joints and the legs at the knees.
The bar-bell should be placed horizontally on the ground, the
centre of the bar over the instep, the heels together, and the
toes turned slightly outwards. The right hand will now grasp
the bar-bell, the inner side of the forearm to the front,
and as straight as possible, the left hand resting on the left

227

fore-thigh, near the knee, thumb inside and fingers outside
the leg. Now pull the bar straignt up as high as the waist,
the upper arm close to the body, the forearm at right
angles with it, momentarily resting on the hip. At this
instant, take a step to the right rear with the right foot,
and, by bending the knees, turn the bar upwards by a
swift movement of the wrist, getting the forearm under-
neath it, then press up to the shoulder, recovering the
right foot and straightening the body. From the- shoulder,
the bar-bell may be elevated aloft, either by the jerk or by the
slow-press movement, as in the methods described in raising
the heavy-weight dumb-bells. While at the shoulder, the bar-
bell, however, should be turned round at right angles to the
body, spheres to the front and rear, and steadied, the eyes
following the movements of the hand, that the proper balance
may be maintained and the body suffer no strain. The same
movement may be gone through with the left hand and a
lighter weight, thus developing both sides of the body symmet-
rically. The muscles benefited in this movement are those
of the shoulder, chest, and legs, as well as the pulling and
stretching muscles of the arm.

EXERCISE 37.

ONE-HANDED BAR-BELL SNATCHING LIFT FROM THE GROUND

OVER-HEAD.

The first position in this exercise is that described in the
previous one, with this difference, that the backs of the fore-
arm and hand, in grasping the bar, are to the front. It is a
one-handed snatch-lift from the ground to the full extension
of the right arm over the head. The whole exercise should
be performed in one movement, without pause, the backward
step being taken to maintain the balance, as the body recovers

228

the upright position. The first motion, which merges at once
into the second, should bring the bar, by a rapid snatch up along
the body as high as the shoulder, when, by a sudden dip of
the knees, the right arm should get underneath the bell, and,
with a quick pressure of the legs, give it the needed impetus
to the first motion to speed it aloft. This is an excellent
exercise for the legs, right arm, and back : its practice with
the left hand is also recommended, so as to develop both legs
and arms equally. If you let a weight down slowly with one
arm to the ground, hold the other straight out from the body
to preserve the balance.

BAR-BELL EXERCISE FOR BOTH HANDS.
ILLUSTRATED BY PHOTOS. Nos. 38 a, b, c, AND d.

Bar-bell exercises should be performed with progressively
increasing weights, according to the strength and dexterity
of the pupil. The two-handed movement will bring into play
all the muscles of the body and upper and lower limbs,
especially those of the forearm and wrist, and will be found
beneficial in expanding the chest and promoting circulation
and digestion. Photos. Nos. 38 a and b will show the correct
position of the bar-bell on the ground and the first attitudes
to be assumed by the pupil. The bar-bell is placed squarely
in front, across the instep of each foot ; the body straight, the
arms held a little out in front ; the hands ready to make the
grip. Now, stoop from the waist, or bend the knees, keeping
the back straight, and seize the bar with both hands, knuckles
to the front, the hands being from 16 to 18 inches apart,
according to the height and breadth of the pupil. With a
swift motion, raise the bar upwards and outwards, letting it
turn in the hands, as the forearms are flexed at the elbow and
placed under it by a quick dip of the knees, and bring it in a

229

line with the shoulders, palms to the front, as in photo. No. BS/>. ,
the knees being straightened by a simultaneous movement,
and the left foot carried six inches to the rear to preserve the
balance. To raise the bar-bell over the head to the full exten-
sion of the arms, the movement may be done with a jerk, the
knees, by a sudden dipping motion, giving spring to the move-
ment. Hold the bell aloft for a moment or two, as a test of
endurance, or, if of a comparatively light weight, repeat the
elevating movement. When exercising with weights with
arms stretched above the head, always let the weights come
down slowly, that the triceps muscle of the arm may feel the
developing strain of the movement. With a bar-bell of heavier
weight, the elevating movement from the shoulder over the
head should be done by the slow-press motion, the legs as well
as the arms participating in the movement, and contributing
their share of support. By the same motion the bell may be
gradually lowered to the chest, and then replaced on the floor.

EXERCISE 39 AND 39a.

SLOW BAR-BELL LIFT FOR DEVELOPING THE MUSCLES OF THE
FOREARM AND WRIST.

This is a slow-lift exercise, designed to benefit chiefly the
muscles of the wrist and forearm. Photos. Nos. 39 and 39a,
show the mode of turning the bar in the hand, by a slow move-
ment, as it is brought from the thigh to the waist. Practice
in this turning movement, which should at first be performed
with a light-weight bar-bell, will strengthen the wrist, and
enable the pupil to acquire the knack of the twist, preparatory
to pressing the bell up to the top of the chest. From the
attitude of attention, bend the body on the hip- joints, keeping
the back as straight as possible, the arms close to the side, and
the heels together. Now grasp the bar-bell with both hands,

230

knuckles to the front, and pull it steadily and slowly up to the
thigh, and straighten the body. The position is illustrated in
photo. No. 39. From the thigh, raise the bar-bell slowly out-
wards and upwards, by bending the forearms at the elbows, and
the hands backwards on the wrists. The bar in this position
will be clasped by the hands, the weight resting chiefly on the
thumb, and the first joints of the turned-in fingers, as in
photo. No. 39 a. Lower the bar to the thigh, and repeat the
movement, as a practice to the wrists. To elevate it from the
waist to the top of the chest, continue the pressure of the fore-
arms from the elbows, until they are well underneath the bar,
then press slowly up. The exercise may be continued by
elevating the bar-bell from the chest, above the head, to the
full extension of the arms, or over it to the rear, to be after-
wards lowered to rest on the nape of the neck and the shoul-
ders. When raising the bell aloft from the chest, do not bend
the back ; stand perfectly straight and keep the head erect
Taisis a good exercise to repeat, as it will give flexibility to the
shoulder- joints, and develop the chest and the pushing muscles
of the arms.

EXERCISE 40 AND 40a.

ONE-HANDED BAR-BELL LIFT, UPRIGHT POSITION.

This exercise is another mode of bringing the bar-bell to the
shoulder, and may be practised as follows : The bar-bell,
instead of being placed horizontally on the ground, is placed
on end, resting on one of the spheres. It may be raised either
by one hand, or by both, to the shoulder, according to its
weight and the ability of the pupil to wield it. Photos. Nos.
40 and 40 a. illustrate the two initial positions. To raise the
bar-bell with one hand, grasp it firmly with the right hand in
the centre of the bar, bending the body and the knees as little
as may be necessary. Now push the lower sphere outwards,

231

and, as the upper sphere tilts over, balance the bar on the up-
turned palm and raise the bell to the shoulder by the pressure
of the forearm, making a lever with the elbow on the hip, the
pressure upwards being aided by the straightening motion of
the body and the knees. From the shoulder, the bar-bell may
be raised overhead by the jerk or by the slow-press motion, tak-
ing care, in either act, to keep the eyes on it so as to maintain
the poise of the bell and the balance of the body.

EXERCISE 41.

TWO-HANDED BAR-BELL LIFT TO THE SHOULDER, UPRIGHT

POSITION.

To raise the bar-bell with both hands from the upright
position on the ground to the shoulder, stoop dowir and grasp
it firmly with both hands, as in photo. No. 40a., tilting the
upper sphere over the shoulder to the rear, the body and feet
adapting themselves to the swaying and steadying motions ;
then by a firm pressure push it up to the shoulder. When
this position has been gained, aided by the left hand in raising
the weight to the shoulder, the bar-bell will rest entirely in the
right hand, grasped round the centre of the bar, and the left
hand will be withdrawn. When the bell is properly poised, it
may be elevated, as before, to the full extension of the uplifted
arm, by the jerk, or by the slow-press movement. If the bell
be of moderate weight, the exercise may with advantage be
repeated, as it will be of benefit to all the muscles of the body,
as well as to those of the upper and lower limbs.

EXERCISE 42.
FINGER-LIFT FROM THE GROUND.

This is an exercise which the pupil must adapt for himself,
using any article which may fit itself to the purpose and can

232

i

be caught up on the crooked finger, such as a chair, a port-
manteau, or a scuttle of coal. The weight, which practice
will enable the pupil successively to increase, may be suspended
on the inner joint of the middle, or other, finger, at arm's
length from the body, or raised between the legs, the young
athlete having first placed his feet on two strong and firm
chairs, or any platform raised above the elevation of the arti-
cle to be lifted. Mr. Sandow's record- weight for finger-lifting
is 600 pounds. In raising this weight, he usually stands on
an elevated^staging, over a frame and platform, upon which
rest the men or material designed to be raised. -In all heavy-
weight lifting, care should be taken to keep the back straight,
to prevent strain or rupture, and to throw the chief pressure
on the legs. In right hand lifts, the left hand should find
purchase by pressing against the left thigh, and vice versa.

EXERCISE 43.
ONE AND TWO HAND STONE- LIFTS FROM THE GROUND.

A stone lift from the ground may be raised in the same
manner as described in the previous exercise for finger-lifts.
Photos. Nos. 43 and 43 a will illustrate the position, the
athlete standing astride the weight to be raised, his feet
planted on fixed benches or steady chairs, on either side of the
weight. It will be found convenient to use straps round the
wrists that will not slip over the hands, but aid the latter in
the grasp and pull of the weight. The weight should be raised
by a straight pull upwards, the back being kept perfectly
unbent, and the body not too far lowered to miss the purchase
which the legs afford in the uplifting and straightening move-
ment. When the weight is raised by one hand the disen-
gaged hand will gain support by resting on the complement-
tary thigh. It will be usually found that the athlete can raise

233

more by one hand than he can raiso by two, the disengaged
hand lending material assistance in the weight-lifting process.
Mr. Sandow's stone-lifting record is 1,500 pounds.

EXERCISE 44.

HARNESS- AND-CHAIN LIFT FROM THE GROUND.

Photograph No. 44 will illustrate the position assumed in
heavy-weight lifting in harness. A strong, broa.d collar, it
will be seen, is placed round the neck and over -the shoulders,
to which are attached four suspended chains, with hooks at
the ends, to be fastened to the weights in the stooping attitude
preparatory to raising them. When the collar has been ad-
justed, and the proper position taken up, stoop down with a
straight back and fasten the hooks, then place both hands on
the thighs, and by a firm pressure of the legs force the body
upwards. The exercise will be good for the shoulders and
back, and especially for the straightening muscles of the legs
and arms. Mr. Sandow's record for harness- lifting is 4,800
pounds. .

234

HARNESS AND CHAIN LIFT: FIG. 44.

Ufc.

SANDOWS PHYSICAL TRAINING LEG MACHINE.

IN the previous pages we have more than once referred to
this ingeniously contrived and useful machine, designed and
patented by the great athlete, with the object of providing the
necessary apparatus for exercising the lower limbs. With the
bar-bells, and the dumb-bells, of heavy and light weight, the
leg machine is the only mechanical appliance which Mr.
Sandow uses or finds essential to his simple and efficient
methods of physical training. It completes and rounds off his
system of muscular exercise by bringing into play (1), the ex-
tensor and flexor, that is, the stretching and pulling-up muscles
of the leg, and (2), the abductor and adductor muscles, viz.,
those muscles that separate or draw apart, and bring together
again, the lower limbs. The adductor muscles of the leg, more
popularly speaking, are those which we use in gripping the
sides of a horse in equestrian exercise. It is these abductor and
adductor muscles that Mr. Sandow, with his accustomed thor-

235

oughness in seeking to develop the ivhole body, and not parts
of it merely, has had in view to exercise by means of this in-
vention, for these muscles of the inner and outer thigh, which
supplement and re-enforce those used in the act and motions of
progression, usually come little into play. The value of the
machine will be better appreciated if one reflects on the fact
that the customary movements of the legs, if one is not a horse-
man, are chiefly forwards and backwards, as in walking, run-
ning, jumping, rowing, and bicycle- riding ; while the lateral
movements are little, if at all, exercised, and the muscles sit-
uate on the inner and outer thigh are neglected or kept dor-
mant.

The leg-machine, which is of simple design and compara-
tively cheap in its construction, is so made as to be easily
taken apart, packed up, and, when desired, transported from
place to place. The illustrations, Nos. 45 a, 6, c, and d, will
show its design and uses, while a previous illustration (Nos. 14
and 14 a), referred to in Exercise No. 14, exhibits another adap-
tation of the invention in developing the muscles of the arms,
shoulders and back. The machine consists of a base-board or
platform, from five to six feet in length, having at either end
an 'upright post or standard, secured by screws to the base-
board, and capped by ferrules with attached hooks or eyes,
and a cross-bar for the hands to rest upon and give steadiness
to the upright posts. About the middle of the cross-bar or
brace, and a little apart, are two fixed hooks upon which are
hung stirrups, connected by one or more rubber straps or elas-
tic cables ; into these stirrups the feet are placed for the
purpose of exercise, either by a direct up-and-down tread, or
by alternate lateral thrusts to the outer base of the machine.

To the hooks on the top of the upright posts are fastened
single, double or treble cables, which are attached at the other
end to strong leather straps, padded on the inside. These straps
are buckled round the legs, below or above the knee, so as to

236

Morrison Photo.

SANDOW. LEG MACHINE EXERCISES: FIGS. 45* AND 451;.

Morrison Photo.

SANDOM', LEG MACHINE EXERCISES: FIGS. 45C, 450 AND

exercise the abductor and adductor muscles. The cables pull
the separated legs together, as shown in illustration No. 456,
and the exercise is derived by stretching the legs apart and
allowing the cables to pull them slowly together again. The
position of the pupil in this exercise is that shown in the photo.,
seated on a chair, hands clasping the brace, heels together,
toes alone resting on the platform and aiding the limbs to
press themselves apart. The movement should be repeated as
long as the operator cares to give to the exercise ; it will be
found good for the sartorius and the triceps muscles of the
leg. If one cable coupled to each leg is not sufficient of a
strain, then two or more may be used. In this exercise, the
cables should cross each other and hook in the straps of the
far leg, one being fastened above and the other fastened below
the knee.

A little distance below the upper end of the standards are
additional hooks, to which are attached shorter elastic cables,
provided at the further end with snap-hooks, to be attached to
the outer side of the padded straps that encircle the legs just
below the knee, (see illustration of the operator, No. 45a). In
this exercise the position of the operator is much the same as
in that of the previous exercise, with this difference, that the
knees are brought together by a strong pressure and allowed
slowly to be pulled apart by the tension of the rubber cables,
the movement being good for developing the biceps muscles of
the leg.

APPENDIX A.

TABLE PREPARED BY PROF. "W. O. ATWATER, TO ILLUSTRATE THE
AMOUNT OF PROTEIN AND ENERGY OBTAINED FOR 25 CENTS IN
FOOD MATERIALS AT DIFFERENT PRICES PER POUND.

The following figures, which are based on analyses and prices of
specimens of materials purchased in Xew England and in Xe\v York
City, will illustrate the variations in the amount of nutritive material
obtained at- the same cost in different food materials at different
prices.

Protein. Energy.
Grams. Calories.

Beef, sirloin, 25 cts 68 b70

Beef, sirloin, 20 cts 86 1114

Beef, neck, 8 cts 218 2795

Mutton, leg, 22 cts 77 1075

Salt pork (bacon), 12 cts 9 7295

Chicken, 22 cts 127 (395

Salmon, 30 cts 54 520

Salt cod, 7 cts 259 1105

Oysters (40 cts. per quart), 20 cts 36 325

lien's eggs (25 cts. per dozen), 181 cts 77 910

Milk, 7 cts. per quart. 3 cts 109 2180

Cheese, whole milk, 15 cts 213 3420

Butter, 30 cts none 3080

Sugar, 5 cts none 9095

Wheat flour, 3 cts -. 418 13680

Wheat bread, 7| cts 136 4255

Corn (maize) meal, 2 cts 518 20230

Oatmeal, 5 cts : . 345 9190

Potatoes, 75 cts. per bushel, 1 cts 163 7690

Standards for day's food for la- j Voit's (German). ... 118 3050

boring man at moderate work. ) Writer's (American) 125 3540

From The Forum, Sept., 1893.
'239

DIRECTIONS FOR READING THE SANDOW
A NTH ROPO METRIC CHART.

A brief explanation of the chart may be given as follows : The
horizontal lines extending across the chart represent the parts of
the body measured, the names of which are given at the sides.
The vertical lines give the percental values of the different
measurements, ranging from the minimum at on the left to the
maximum, 100, on the right.

The figures at the top show, by percentages, the relative values
of the heavy vertical lines, and the intervening light lines divide
these spaces into four equal parts, making each subdivision beticeen
10 and 90 per cent, 2i per cent in value, but outside these points
only li per cent.

The figures above indicate the per cent of individuals who were
found to surpass and the figures below the per cent of those who
failed to surpass any given point.

ANTHROFOMETRIC CHART

Showing the Relation of the Individual In Size Strength Symmetry
and Development to the Normal Standard

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DR. SARGENT'S CHART SHOWING MR. SANDOWS MEASUREMENTS AND THE
VARIATIONS FROM THE NORMAL (THE VERTICAL DARK LINE IN THE
MIDDLE OF THE CHART). SEE NEXT PAGE.

APPENDIX C.
TABLE OF THE INCREASE IN THE MEASUREMENTS

of a pupil of Mr. Sandow (Mr. Martinus Sieveking, of
Chicago), within the space of three months' practice with
heavy-weight dumb-bells, on the great athlete's system of
Physical Training. (See photograph of pupil). The result
has been achieved, it is proper to state, after Mr. Sieveking
had gone through the preliminary course of light-weight exer-
cises, with six-pound dumb-bells.

Weight, 175 pounds (increase, 15 pounds) ; height, 5 feet 11
inches. Measurements : Neck, 18 inches ; chest, 43
inches (increase, 3 inches), chest expansion, Ti inches
(increase, 3 inches) ; biceps, 16i inches (increase, 2
inches) ; forearm, 15 inches (increase, 1| inches) ; waist,
26 inches (reduction, 3 inches) ; thigh, 23 inches (in-
crease, 2 inches) ; calf, 16 inches, (increase, li inches).

MR. SANDOW'S COMPETITIVE PRIZE AWARDS.

It is Mr. Sandow's design to award a prize in each city
or town he visits in which to give his public exhibitions,
to the individual who, on furnishing adequate proof, has
gained most within a given period under his system of physi-
cal training by the use of light and heavy-weight dumb-bells.
Personal communication with Mr. Sandow will elicit the pre-
cise conditions on which it is intended to give these awards to
pupils -in -training. On this subject, and with regard to the
agency and sale of Mr. Sandow's patent Physical Training
Leg Machine, dumb-bells and bar-bells, communication
should be made to Mr. Sandow, care of his manager,

MR. F. ZIEGFELD, JR.,

PULLMAN BUILDINGS, CHICAGO, ILL.
242

SlEVEKING, A PUPIL OF SANDOW'S.

APPENDIX D.

THE striking result of four months' training, according to Sandow's
methods, on a delicate Eton boy: a letter from Captain Givat-
orex, Assistant-Inspector of Military Gymnasia for the British
Army.

THE GYMNASIUM,
ALDERSHOT, 9th January, 1894.
DEAR MR. SANDOW,

You may perhaps consider the following case worthy of insertion
in the book you are shortly publishing, as an instance of the results
accruing in a very short space of time to an individual by the per-
sistent following out of your system of light dumb-bell exercises, etc.

In July last I was asked if I could suggest any means of improving
the physique of an Eton boy, who was under the required chest
measurement for the army, i. e., for admission as a cadet to the Royal
Military College, Sandhurst.

Being an old pupil of yours, and having great faith in your system
(when the pupil has a real desire to work and improve his physique),
I determined to see what it would do in this instance.

I subjoin my young friend's measurements taken by me on the
25th July, a.nd again on the 26th November. The results are won-
derful, and speak for themselves. Yet this is not a fair test of your
system, for I was only able to give him ten lessons.

When he first commenced, he could not press off the floor once,
but after the expiration of four months I saw him execute this
exercise 37 consecutive times, and he now does it 150 times each day.

In July last he was, to use a slang term, a terrible " weed," but
now is a fine, smart, upstanding young man with pronouncedly
good and erect carriage of body and a general air of pride in his
own manhood. The coats he now wears will not button across his
chest by many inches.

He wrote me from Cologne a week ago. His weight is now 10
stone 7 pounds, a gain in five months of 17 pounds. I will take

243

fresh measurements when he returns to this country, and send them
on to you.

Instead of being much below the average physique, as he was in
July last, he is now much above it, and rapidly developing into a very
fine young man. I wish you to distinctly understand that for these
four months he has had no time to devote to other physical exercises,
recreative or otherwise, than yours, as he has been working very
hard for the Army Entrance Examination. The average time he has
been able to give to his exercises has been half an hour twice daily.
You will, I am sure, agree with me that this young gentleman
deserves very great praise for the dogged aud persistent way in
which he has worked ; for, however good the system, it is null and
void without the concentrated " will-power " of the pupil upon the
work in hand.

With best wishes for the New Year, and hoping soon to see you
back in England,

Believe me,

Faithfully yours,

F. W. GREATOREX, Capt.,

Assistant-Inspector of Gymnasia.
To Professor EUGEXE SANDOW,
New York, U. S. A.

1

Q

CD
tO

<

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ii>

"8
*

Horizontal
Measure-
ment of

a,
8

8
40

to

3

Right Forearm.

a
3

%

4

2

B,

v

a

n

4a

M

3

Left Forearm.

Left Deltoid.

Remarks.

\i

6 s2

*?>
S A

A Z

o

1893.
July 25.

Yrs.
IS*

Stones
9.3*

In.

35*

In.
32

In.

11

In.
9*

In.

14

In.

10*

In.

9

In.

13f

These measure-
ments were
taken after 3
weeks' contin-
uous work.

Nov. 26.

18*8

10

38*

34f

12

10*

15

iii-

10

14}

Increase 10J Ibs.

3

3*

1

f

1

il

1

1

244

376

MUD U

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY